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Research Methods Paper 3
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Research Methods Paper 3
Running head: PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
Instructions for Paper III: Literature Review (Study Two) (Worth 35 Points) Ryan J. Winter Florida International University
PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Purpose of Paper III (Literature Review – Study Two)
1). Psychological Purpose
In Paper III, you have the chance to add more depth and detail to your original Paper I. That is, Paper III is intended to help you take your original hindsight bias study a step further by letting you predict how a second independent variable of your choosing impacts participants. In this replication with extension study, you have a greater role in a). choosing which articles to include in your literature review as well as b). identifying how this new variable influences your hypotheses. The good news here is that you can partially or fully reuse Paper I (Mini-Literature Review), relying on the feedback you received for Paper I as the basis for Paper III. Just make sure to extend your literature review to include your second independent variable, and make sure you continue to tell a good story! You will need ten references for Paper III, eight of which must come from empirical sources.
For Paper III, I have a lot of the same suggestions I recommended in Paper I. Start your literature review broadly, hinting at your own study design toward the end of your opening paragraph. Subsequent paragraphs will talk about research involving the hindsight bias. Start with the basics, defining the hindsight bias for you reader and then summarizing research in the area that help you support your hypotheses. Unlike Paper I, Paper III will add a second section focusing on your second independent variable. Which variable you choose will differ from lab section to lab section, but make sure to define the concept and use prior research to help you with your predictions. The final part of Paper III should talk about how the two independent variables might interact when put into the same study. You should end your literature review by noting your specific hypotheses for the study. Here, you will address both main effects (outcomes associated with each independent variable alone) and interactions (the combined impact of your independent variables).
2). APA Formatting Purpose
The second purpose of Paper III: Literature Review is to once again teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the pages below, I will tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your book!
3). Writing Purpose
Finally, this paper is intended to help you refine your writing. My hope is that you will use feedback from Paper I to improve your grammar, spelling, and content in Paper III. At the end of the semester, you will actually use Paper III as the opening section for your final course paper, so doing a good writing job Paper III will be very beneficial as you revise your papers for Paper V. Many students use Paper V as their writing sample for graduate programs, so make sure you write clearly and precisely for an educated reader!
PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Instructions for Paper III: Literature Review (Study Two) (Worth 35 Points)
In this paper, you will write the first major component of your final paper in this course: the literature review. This paper essentially tells the story of your project, starting with its origins in the literature and narrowing it down to your own study. Your job is to justify your predictions, and you do that by citing prior research that supports your methodology and your hypotheses. At the end of the literature review section, you will provide your own study predictions. The good news is that we are continuing with our topic of the hindsight bias. As such, you can modify your Paper I: Mini-Literature Review, adding new information to it and/or reworking the paper to better fit Study Two. Here are the components to keep in mind. By now, a lot of this should be familiar to you, so you’ll see a lot of overlap with the instructions and checklist for Paper I.
1. Title Page: I expect the following format (2 points):
1. This title page is a lot like the title page on your Papers I and II. See my “Title”
page above as an example or reuse your title page from prior papers (though you
may need to modify your title given your new IVs in this study).
2. You must have a header and page numbers on each page.
i. If you don’t know how to insert headers, ask your instructor or watch this very helpful video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY.
ii. The header goes at the top of the paper and it is left justified.
1. Use “Insert Headers” or click on the top of the page to open the
header. Make sure to select the “Different first page” option so that
your title page header will differ from subsequent pages
2. The R in Running head is capitalized but the h is lower case,
followed by a colon and a short title (in ALL CAPS). This short running head title can be the same one as the rest of your paper or it can differ – the choice is yours, but it should be no more than 50 characters including spaces and punctuation
3. Insert a page number as well. While the header is flush left, the page number is flush right.
iii. Want an example header? Look at the title page of these instructions! You can use other titles depending on your own preferences (e.g. HINDSIGHT BIAS; FORESIGHT; I THINK SO, BUT ONLY IN HINDSIGHT; etc.).
3. Your Title should be midway up the page, with your name (First Last) and the name of your institution (FIU) beneath the title. For this class, only your own name will go on this paper. Double space everything!
i. You can also refer to Chapter 14 in your textbook 2. Abstract, Graphs, and Tables? These are optional – Ask your lab instructor about them:
a. You DO NOT need an abstract for Paper III: Literature Review (Study Two) and you DO NOT need a table or figure. You can include them if you want, but they will not be graded and they will not factor into the length of the paper. Check with your lab instructor to see if they prefer to see abstracts and tables.
3. Literature Review Section: I expect the following format (20 points):
PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
1. APA formatting for the first page of your literature review
i. The first page of your literature review starts on its own page
ii. You must have a proper APA style header (this is the same EXACT title as your running head from the title page, but you will not include the words “Running head” this time. Just provide the header title in ALL CAPS). Your header will also include page numbers.
iii. You will retype the EXACT title of your paper from the title page on the first line of the literature review page, centered. The title is not bolded
iv. The beginning text for your paper follows on the next line
2. APA formatted citations for the literature review
i. For this paper, you must reference a minimum of ten sources. At least eight of these must be based on empirical research reports (that is, each of these eight cited articles should have a literature review, a methods section, a results section, a conclusion/discussion, and references). The remaining two sources can also be primary sources, but you may also use secondary sources (books, law reviews, newspaper articles, etc.). Of course I would recommend sticking with all primary sources, but the choice is yours for the other two citations. Note: Internet blogs and Wikipedia are not acceptable as secondary sources. Here is a bit more to note:
1. As in Paper I, I am not setting a maximum on the number of citations you can use, but you need at minimum ten of them! These may overlap among students, so it is okay to read the same articles as some of your classmates. You can also reuse the references that you used in Paper I or use ten entirely new references. You can use all of the articles posted on blackboard for Paper I if you want, but note that you will need to find some new references as well (especially ones that focus on your second independent variable).
a. One other quick thing – you can use your own Paper I as an eleventh citation (you can reference it as unpublished data), but that paper does not count as one of the ten required.
2. Proper citations must be made in the paper – give credit where it is due, and don’t make claims that cannot be validated! If it sounds like a fact, then you must provide a citation to support that fact
3. DO NOT plagiarize. You will turn this in on blackboard, and we can check for plagiarism via turn-it-in. Paraphrasing is okay, but you must still cite the original author even if you do not use his or her words verbatim. If you rewrite what they say, it is still them that had the original idea, and they deserve credit for it
4. If you directly quote a source, make sure to provide a page number for where you found that quote. However, I prefer paraphrasing to direct quotes and directly quoting more than twice in a paper is frowned upon
PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 5
c. Content-based requirements for the information in your literature review
i. Your literature review should use prior research studies as a jumping off
point, starting with a broad theme and then narrowing it down – think about
the hourglass example your instructors have given you.
ii. Think about your literature review this way: You have to tell a story. It has
to have a beginning, a middle, and an end.
1. At the beginning of a story, your audience does not know very
much about the characters and scenes to come, so you have to introduce that information. You can start chronologically (the first experimenter to happen upon the idea you are interested in, like Tversky and Kahneman, who headed some of the original hindsight bias studies) or you can start with an established theory.
2. Once you have established the characters (the researchers) and talked a little about the general plot (the research they did), you move into the middle of the story where you start to draw connections between the various story elements (the studies of different researchers). All of the cited studies should connect in some way, leading toward the end of your story.
3. For the end of the story, you start to lead the reader to the big cliffhanger (your hypothesis). By now you have introduced the characters as well as the plot, but then you want to build some anticipation in your reader – you want them to wonder what comes next! The last part of the literature review brings the reader to your study hypothesis, or that potential twist ending to your story. That is, “Given what we saw in the literature, what happens if we do XYZ?” Thus you build your study to your hypotheses and end the first chapter on that cliffhanger. The next chapter focuses on the study that you actually did! In other words, at the end of your literature review you should …
1. give a general overview of your research question
2. state your specific predictions / hypotheses given the studies
you talked about in the literature review
d. The literature review must have minimum of four (4) full pages of text and a maximum of seven (7) pages
4. Citations: I expect the following format (4 points) a. All in text citations must be correct (correct APA formatting, correct dates, if
directly quoted must have page numbers, and uses et al. and & and correctly) 5. References: I expect the following format (5 points):
1. The References section starts on its own page, with the word References centered. Use proper APA format in this section or you will lose points.
2. All ten references that you cited in the literature review must be in this section (there should be more than ten references here if you cited more than ten articles). However, at least eight must come from empirical articles
PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
c. For references, make sure you:
i. use alphabetical ordering (start with the last name of the first author)
ii. use the authors’ last names but only the initials of their first/middle name
iii. give the date in parentheses – e.g. (2007).
iv. italicize the name of the journal article
v. give the volume number, also in italics
vi. give the page numbers (not italicized) for articles
vii. provide the doi (digital object identifier) if present (not italicized)
6. Overall writing quality (4 points)
a. Make sure you check your paper for proper spelling and grammar. The FIU writing center is available if you want someone to look over your paper (an extra eye is always good!) and give you advice. I highly recommend them, as writing quality will become even more important on future papers.
Other Guidelines for Paper III: Literature Review
· 1). Pay attention to the page length requirements – 1 page for the title page, 4-7 pages for the lit review, and at least 1 page for the references page. If you are under the minimum, we will deduct points. If you go over the maximum, we are a little more flexible (up to a half page or so), but we want you to try to keep it to the maximum page.
· 2). Page size is 8 1/2 X 11” with all 4 margins set at 1”. You must use a 12-point font with Times New Roman font. EVERYTHING in the paper (including references) is double spaced
· 3). When summarizing articles for your lit review and doing so in your own words, make sure you still cite the original source. Always use proper referencing procedures, which means that:
o If you are inserting a direct quote from any source, it must be enclosed in quotations and followed by a parenthetical reference to the source. “Let’s say I am directly quoting this current sentence and the next. I would then cite it with the author name, date of publication, and the page number for the direct quote” (Winter, 2013, p . 5).
1. Note: We will deduct points if you quote more than once per page, so keep quotes to a minimum. Paraphrase instead, but make sure you still give the original author credit for the material by citing it or using the author’s name (“In this article, Smith noted that …” or “In this article, the authors noted that…”)
4). PLEASE use a spell checker to avoid unnecessary errors. Proofread everything you write. I actually recommend reading some sentences aloud to see if they flow well, or getting family or friends to read your work. Using Pearson Writer is also required
The above information is required for your paper, but I wanted to provide a few tips about writing your literature review as well. Hopefully this will give you some good directions:
First, remember that you need 3 references, all of which MUST be peer-reviewed (two coming from the blackboard folder and one that you find on your own using PsycInfo).
PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 7
· Second, I don’t expect a lengthy discussion for each and every article that you cite. You might spend a page on one study and a sentence or two on another. The amount of time you spend describing an article you read should be proportional to how important it is in helping you defend your hypotheses. If you do a near replication of a prior study, then I would expect you to spend more time discussing that prior research since it has a big impact on your own study. If an article you read simply supports a global idea that ties into your study but has very different methods (like “frustrated people get mad!”), you can easily mention it in a sentence or two without delving into a lot of detail. Tell a good story in your literature review, but only go into detail about plot elements that have a direct bearing on your study!
· Third, this paper is all about supporting your hypotheses. Know what your hypotheses are before you write the paper, as it will help you determine how much time to spend on each article you are citing. My suggestion is to spend some time describing and defining the concept of the hindsight bias, and then talking about studies that looked at this area. Use those studies to help defend your own study hypothesis. That is, “Since they find X in this prior study, that helps support the hypothesis in the present study”.
· Fourth, make sure to proofread, proofread, proofread! Use the Pearson Writer for help, but note that their suggestions are just that – suggestions. It is up to you to make sure the flow of the paper is easy to understand. Good luck!
· You “checklist” for Paper III is on the next page
PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 8
Checklist – Paper III: Literature Review (Study Two)
Use the check sheet below to make sure your paper is the best it can be! Make sure you answer “Yes” to all questions before submitting your paper! The first two sections duplicate the checklist from Paper I, but those elements in purple are unique to Paper III – Literature Review
General Paper Format (This section is identical to the Paper I and II Checklist)
Yes No
1. Is everything in your paper (including headers, the main body of your mini- literature review, and your references) in 12 point Times New Roman font?
2. Is everything in your paper double spaced, including references (here I mean the spacing above and below each line, not the spaces following a period)?
3. Do you have one inch margins on all sides of the paper (one inch from the top of the page, one inch from the bottom, and one inch from each side)
4. Are the first lines of all paragraphs indented roughly 1⁄2 inch?
5. Are your paragraphs aligned left? (That is, text should be flush left, with lines lining up on the left of the page, but text should NOT line up on the right side of the page – it should look ragged)
6. Do you need help figuring out how to configure a word document in APA format (inserting headers, page numbers, proper indents, etc.)? If YES, I highly recommend watching this video which walks you through setting up an APA formatted paper! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY
Title page (This section is identical to the Paper I and II Checklist)
Yes No Header
1. Do you have the phrase “Running head” in your header (with a lower case h)?
2. Is the rest of your Running head title in ALL CAPS?
3. Is your Running head in 12 point Times New Roman font?
4. Do you have a page number (1) that is flush right (also in 12 point Times New Roman font)?
Title / Name / Institution
1. Is your title 12 words or less (as recommended by the APA)?
2. Do all title words with four letters or more start with a capital letter?
3. Are your name and institution correct?
4. Are your title, name, and institution elements centered and in 12 point Times New Roman font?
Literature Review (This is similar to Paper I, but new elements are in bold purple text)
Yes No Header
1. Is your header title present and identical to your header title on the title page?
2. Is your header title in ALL CAPS and 12 point Times New Roman font?
3. Does your header on this second page omit the phrase “Running head”
4. Do you have a page number starting on page 2
Title for the literature review
1. Do you have the identical title you used on the title page rewritten at the top of your literature review?
2. Is this title centered?
PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 9
Yes No
Literature Review Continued
Main body of the literature review
1. Does your literature review start broadly, giving a brief overview of the paper to come?
2. Does your literature review start to narrow down toward your hypotheses?
3. Do your paragraphs transition from one to the next? (That is, avoid simply listing studies you read. Tie them together. How does Study A in paragraph A relate to Study B in paragraph B?)
4. Does your paper end in your hypotheses? (More specifically, you should have a hypothesis for each of your main dependent variables. Hypotheses might focus on main effects, interactions, or both main effects and interactions)
Citations for the literature review
1. Did you cite a minimum of ten references (eight of which must be empirical, peer-reviewed articles)? Note that you can give a lot of detail for some references but only a sentence or two for others. How much detail you go into depends on how important the article is in helping your support your hypotheses
2. Are your citations in APA format (That is, ONLY the last name of the author(s) and date of publication)? Note that you will NOT include first names, initials, or the title of the article the authors wrote when citing. That information belongs in the references pages only
3. If you quoted, did you provide a page number for the direct quote?
4. If you paraphrased in any way, did you cite the source of that information?
References Page (There are new elements here in bold purple text)
Yes No Title for the references page
1. Do references start on their own page?
2. Is the word “References” centered?
References – Make sure these are in APA format!
1. Are references listed in alphabetical order (starting with the last name of the first author listed) for all ten articles you referenced?
2. Are all citations from the literature review referenced?
3. Is the first line of the reference flush left while subsequent lines are indented (Note: Use the ruler function for this. DO NOT simply tab)?
4. Did you use the “&” symbol when listing more than one author name?
5. Did you include the date of publication
6. For article references, is the article title (which is not italicized) with only the first word and proper names starting with a capital letter?
7. For article references, is the name of the journal present with all major words starting with a capital letter (and this journal title is italicized)?
8. For article references, is the volume number italicized
9. For article references, are the page numbers present (not italicized)
10. For article references, is the DOI present
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