Sex and book
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Lab 3
Our Study
¨ Sex and book carrying style n Categorized sex (m or f)
n 1=female, 2=male
n Categorized book carrying style
¤ Type of Observation? ¤ Scale of Measurement? ¤ Type of reliability most relevant?
1 2 3 4 5 6
Hanaway and Burghardt (1976)
¨ Differences: Hanaway and Burghardt (1976)
Research Methods (2018)
Samples:
Variables:
Categories:
Inter-rater Reliability:
Our Analyses
¨ Inter-rater reliability ¨ Summarize
¤ Mode (why not mean, median?) ¤ Frequencies (could use histogram/bar graphs) ¤ Test for interrater reliability – percent agreement
¨ Association ¤ Are sex and carrying style associated?
n HA: Sex and Carrying Style are associated (are not independent)
n H0: Sex and Carrying Style are not associated (are independent)
Lab 3
¨ Title Page
¨ Abstract ¨ Introduction ¨ Method
¨ Results ¨ Discussion ¨ References
For Lab 3
¨ Title Page ¤ Running head: A short version of a title (a few words) ¤ Centered: full title ¤ Centered: your name ¤ Centered: research affiliation
¤ Make it look exactly like the sample APA paper title page!
For Lab 3
¨ Method ¤ Describe in detail how the study was conducted ¤ Based on Method section, reader should be able to
replicate the study ¤ Three most common subsections:
n Participants: describe sample in general terms, numbers of males and females observed, approximate age range, demographics, (ONLY what you can safely say about sample)
n Materials: describe worksheet and what type of measurement scale was used (describe each of 6 book-carrying categories)
n Procedure: describe observation technique; type of observation; # of observers, inter-rater reliability
n % agreement between observers
For Lab 3
¨ Results ¤ Actual findings of the study
n Descriptive/frequencies n # of males/females observed n Carrying style
n Analyses n Chi-square test of association
For Lab 3
¨ Results (a recipe) ¤ Write down the question you are trying to answer
n “Here we describe book carrying behavior among college students.”
¤ Write down the analysis you’ve done, including variables n “We tabulated frequencies of book carrying styles and males and
females” REFER TO TABLE 1
¤ Write the result of the analysis n Summarize the main points of the descriptive frequencies. What was
the most common carrying style overall? For males? For females? What was least common?
Results 1 stparagraph
For Lab 3
¨ Results (a recipe) ¤ Write down the question you are trying to answer
n “Is there an association between sex and book carrying behavior?”
¤ Write down the analysis you’ve done, including variables n “We computed a χ2 test contrasting the six book carrying behaviors
among male and female college students.”
¤ Write the result of the analysis n Statistic: “The resulting value, χ2 (df, n = # participants) = chi
square value , p < p-value , was(was not) statistically significant.” n The results in plain-English: “Women tended to carry their books…“
n Order of these last two steps can vary, but both need to be there for your results section to make sense
Results 2 ndparagraph
For Lab 3
¨ Table 1 ¤ Include only tallies in each category of male and
female book carrying styles ¤ DO NOT COPY AND PASTE FROM SPSS
Lab 3
¨ Write objectively as a researcher! ¤ Don’t refer to yourselves as students or me as your
instructor/professor ¤ Avoid saying ”I.” If you use first-person, use “we.”
¨ Remember that you’re writing for a reader who doesn’t know what we did
¨ Make your formatting look EXACTLY like the APA sample paper on Isidore
Chi-Square Info
¨ Degrees of freedom ¤ DF = (r – 1) * (c – 1)
¤ where r is # of levels for one categorical variable, and c is # of levels for other categorical variable
¨ Expected frequencies ¤ Computed separately for each level of one categorical variable at each level of other
categorical variable.
¤ Er,c = (nr * nc) / n
¤ where Er,c is expected frequency count for level r of Variable A and level c of Variable B, nris total # of sample observations at level r of Variable A, nc is the total # of sample observations at level c of Variable B, and n is the total sample size
¨ Test statistic ¤ Χ2 = Σ [ (Or,c – Er,c)2 / Er,c ] ¤ where Or,c is the observed frequency count at level r of Variable A and level c of Variable
B, and Er,c is expected frequency count at level r of Variable A and level c of Variable B
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