Sex and book

Sex and book

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Lab 3

Our Study

¨ Sex and book carrying style n Categorized sex (m or f)

n 1=female, 2=male

n Categorized book carrying style

¤ Type of Observation? ¤ Scale of Measurement? ¤ Type of reliability most relevant?

1 2 3 4 5 6

Hanaway and Burghardt (1976)

¨ Differences: Hanaway and Burghardt (1976)

Research Methods (2018)

Samples:

Variables:

Categories:

Inter-rater Reliability:

Our Analyses

¨ Inter-rater reliability ¨ Summarize

¤ Mode (why not mean, median?) ¤ Frequencies (could use histogram/bar graphs) ¤ Test for interrater reliability – percent agreement

¨ Association ¤ Are sex and carrying style associated?

n HA: Sex and Carrying Style are associated (are not independent)

n H0: Sex and Carrying Style are not associated (are independent)

Lab 3

¨ Title Page

¨ Abstract ¨ Introduction ¨ Method

¨ Results ¨ Discussion ¨ References

For Lab 3

¨ Title Page ¤ Running head: A short version of a title (a few words) ¤ Centered: full title ¤ Centered: your name ¤ Centered: research affiliation

¤ Make it look exactly like the sample APA paper title page!

For Lab 3

¨ Method ¤ Describe in detail how the study was conducted ¤ Based on Method section, reader should be able to

replicate the study ¤ Three most common subsections:

n Participants: describe sample in general terms, numbers of males and females observed, approximate age range, demographics, (ONLY what you can safely say about sample)

n Materials: describe worksheet and what type of measurement scale was used (describe each of 6 book-carrying categories)

n Procedure: describe observation technique; type of observation; # of observers, inter-rater reliability

n % agreement between observers

For Lab 3

¨ Results ¤ Actual findings of the study

n Descriptive/frequencies n # of males/females observed n Carrying style

n Analyses n Chi-square test of association

For Lab 3

¨ Results (a recipe) ¤ Write down the question you are trying to answer

n “Here we describe book carrying behavior among college students.”

¤ Write down the analysis you’ve done, including variables n “We tabulated frequencies of book carrying styles and males and

females” REFER TO TABLE 1

¤ Write the result of the analysis n Summarize the main points of the descriptive frequencies. What was

the most common carrying style overall? For males? For females? What was least common?

Results 1 stparagraph

For Lab 3

¨ Results (a recipe) ¤ Write down the question you are trying to answer

n “Is there an association between sex and book carrying behavior?”

¤ Write down the analysis you’ve done, including variables n “We computed a χ2 test contrasting the six book carrying behaviors

among male and female college students.”

¤ Write the result of the analysis n Statistic: “The resulting value, χ2 (df, n = # participants) = chi

square value , p < p-value , was(was not) statistically significant.” n The results in plain-English: “Women tended to carry their books…“

n Order of these last two steps can vary, but both need to be there for your results section to make sense

Results 2 ndparagraph

For Lab 3

¨ Table 1 ¤ Include only tallies in each category of male and

female book carrying styles ¤ DO NOT COPY AND PASTE FROM SPSS

Lab 3

¨ Write objectively as a researcher! ¤ Don’t refer to yourselves as students or me as your

instructor/professor ¤ Avoid saying ”I.” If you use first-person, use “we.”

¨ Remember that you’re writing for a reader who doesn’t know what we did

¨ Make your formatting look EXACTLY like the APA sample paper on Isidore

Chi-Square Info

¨ Degrees of freedom ¤ DF = (r – 1) * (c – 1)

¤ where r is # of levels for one categorical variable, and c is # of levels for other categorical variable

¨ Expected frequencies ¤ Computed separately for each level of one categorical variable at each level of other

categorical variable.

¤ Er,c = (nr * nc) / n

¤ where Er,c is expected frequency count for level r of Variable A and level c of Variable B, nris total # of sample observations at level r of Variable A, nc is the total # of sample observations at level c of Variable B, and n is the total sample size

¨ Test statistic ¤ Χ2 = Σ [ (Or,c – Er,c)2 / Er,c ] ¤ where Or,c is the observed frequency count at level r of Variable A and level c of Variable

B, and Er,c is expected frequency count at level r of Variable A and level c of Variable B

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