“Model Matrix”
omplete the Feminist section in the “Model Matrix” worksheet.
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Complete the Feminist section in the “Model Matrix” worksheet.
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PCN-521 Model Matrix
Directions: Below is a matrix you will use throughout this course to gather and organize information. It is suggested you save this document for future use as it will be a helpful study guide in preparation for your licensure exam.
CBT
Psychoanalytic
Bowen
Structural
Strategic
Experiential
Solution-focused
Narrative
Feminist
Key Figures
Ivan Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, B.F. Skinner, and Bandura
Sigmund Freud, Dr. Josef Breuer, Karl Abraham, and Sandor Ferenczi
Dr. Murray Bowen,
Salvador Minuchin, Braulio Montalvo, Cloe Madanes, and Jay Haley
Milton Erickson, Don Jackson, Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes, John Weakland, Dick Fisch, Paul Watzaliwck, and Giorgio Nardone
Carl Whitaker, and Virginia Satir,
Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg, Jim Derks, Marilyn La Court, Elam Nunnally, Eve Lipchik, ohn Walter, Jane Peller, and Yvonne Dolan
Michael White, and David Epston,
Key Techniques
Downward Arrow, ABCs, match thoughts to feelings, replace unhelpful thoughts with useful thoughts, replace negative self-talk, and explore alternate schemas
Free association where clients talk about what comes to mind, therapeutic transference analysis, and interpretative intervention
Questioning of family members and construction of a family genogram
Joining in a position of leadership, working with interaction, mapping underlying structure, tracking, highlighting and modifying interactions enactment, and restructuring
Prescribing the symptom – exaggerating a symptom to show how damaging it is to the family
Relabeling – changing connotation of a symptom from negative to
Paradoxical intervention – a more in-depth way of prescribing the symptom
Existential encounters, affective experiencing, artful communication, promoting present-centeredness, family sculpting, conjoint family drawings, role playing, gestalt technique, family art therapy, and animal attribution
Miracle questions, coping questions, scaling questions, exception-seeking questions, and problem-free talk
Externalizing the problem, deconstruction technique, unique outcomes, alternative narratives, and existentialism
How do problems arise and persist?
Recurring faulty cognitions result in problematic response patterns
Problems are caused by latent disturbances. Disturbances emanate from unresolved issues during an individual’s development or repressed trauma. Problems are rooted in the unconscious mind.
Due to multigenerational transmission; each generation moves to a lesser level of differentiation resulting in a downward spiral until unresolved emotional cutoffs and attachments are successfully resolved.
Problems emanate from the functional structure of a family; problems are maintained by dysfunctional families when one member faces external pressures such as when a parent is laid off or when a member reaches developmental transitions such as when a child reaches adolescence.
Problems persist due to problem-causing symptoms held within a family. The symptoms are repetitive in nature which makes the problem persist. Symptomatic members of the family usually deny intent to control the symptoms by claiming the symptoms are involuntary.
Lack of sharing and closeness among family members creates interpersonal problems, needs of family may suppress individual member rights, keeping family secrets may result in dysfunction of family members, and a family may put on an act that hinders individual members from being authentic.
Problems arise and persist because a patient does not know if there are solutions to his/her problems. Problems may also persist because a patient may feel that his/her presenting problems have no solutions.
Problems arise when an individual holds a different discourse than the dominant discourse. Holding an alternative discourse makes an individual to behave in ways contrary to the expectations of the society raising problems with others. Problems persist as long as the individual maintains the alternative discourse; suffering is as a result of choosing a negative storyline.
Therapy Objectives
To modify specific patterns of thinking / behaviors and to alleviate the presenting symptoms
To bring repressed conflicts to consciousness where they can be dealt with.
To change faulty patterns in which family members have been interacting via self-motivated self-differentiation
To alter the existing family structure and creation of an effective family therapy. To strengthen boundaries in enmeshed relationships and open them up in disengaged relationships.
To influence family members by implementing carefully planned interventions and issuance of various directives for resolving problems
To reduce defensiveness and help family members achieve higher levels of experiencing via helping them overcome their impulses.
To help patients find tools they can use to immediately manage their symptoms and cope with their challenges. To develop solutions quickly and therefore avoid keeping clients in therapy for long and to promote long-lasting relief for those attending therapy.
To help clients identify their values, skills as well as knowledge and encourages them to live by their values to ensure they handle the problems they face. Narrative therapy also seeks to challenge prevailing discourses that shape people’s lives negatively.
How does change occur?
Changed beliefs lead to changed behaviors
Change occurs when contingencies of reinforcement are altered
A therapist helps a client to bring underlying conflicts to the point of gaining insight and understanding that enables the person to resolve the problem
Change occurs when a client gets insight regarding his/her problems. This is when self-differentiation occurs. An individual client is able to separate his/her emotional and intellectual functioning while still maintaining autonomy from emotional issues of others enabling the individual to function based on reasoned principles.
Behavior of family members is changed via opening of alternative patterns of interaction that can help modify the family structure. Dormant structures are activated. A therapist defines a problematic sequence in a structure, directs enactment and guides a family to modify the enactments.
Therapist helps the entire family to weather crises together and to alter family communication patterns which allows constructive change to take place
Through taking part in activities such as guided imagery, role playing, games, and other active experiences, clients identify and then address hidden issues in their subconscious. Through these activities clients identify obstacles, develop self-esteem, take responsibility for their actions and ultimately experience success.
Therapist helps client a client to identify a time when things were close to the future they desire. After examining the two occasions, the therapist helps the client become aware of small successes and supports the client to repeat successful behaviors or choices to help him/her move towards achieving the goal and the future he/she desires.
By identifying history of values in a client’s life, a therapist co-authors a new story about the client; the therapist then guides the client to identify important values in his/her life and encourages him/her to use his/her own knowledge and skills to live by those values.
Therapist Role
Ask questions to challenge assumptions rather than directly challenging
Teach family that emotional problems are caused by unrealistic beliefs
Therapist should exercise technical neutrality (distant, uninvolved attitude). A therapist should not take sides in a client’s activated internal conflicts (the therapist should remain equidistant).
The therapist is supposed to be neutral; his/he role is to encourage family members to communicate through him/her rather than among themselves. The therapist is a coach who teaches family members differentiation moves. The therapist is also an educator who teaches families about dynamics of family systems.
To observe how a family interacts and then draw a chart of the family structure to help the family identify the hierarchy, subsystems, and boundaries within the family unit. The therapist uses this chart to identify where change is needed and types of intervention that are necessary to restructure the family.
The therapist is responsible for initiating what takes place in therapy. The therapist designs a specific approach to each individual’s presenting problem. Ideally, the therapist takes responsibility for influencing clients directly.
To create experiences for the family that help family members to learn and grow by encouraging them to share how they experience themselves, other family members and the family unit in general.
To help clients identify positive directions for change to take place in their lives. The therapist helps clients to build a solid vision of the future they desire for themselves. This is achieved by helping clients identify their goals and helping them visualize of a life when the goal is accomplished and when the problem is solved or coped with adequately
Therapist does not impose ideas on clients by advising them; rather, therapist adopts a curiosity and collaboration posture that gives clients an implicit message that they possess skills and knowledge to solve their own problems. Therapist poses questions that help clients to externalize a problem and investigate it.
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