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Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. The central question for the field of Learning is:

(a) How do genetics influence behavior?

(b) What role does the environment play in the development of mental processes?

2. Which of the following could be considered valid ways to measure learning?

(a) the rate at which an animal presses a bar in an experimental chamber
(b) the degree to which one’s respiration rate changes from one situation to another

3. Which of the following is not demonstrative of learning?

(a) possessing factual knowledge
(b) the acquisition of a new skill

(d) feeling more competent after training, compared to before training

4. One’s potential for learning could be demonstrated if:

(a) acquired knowledge is used after it is initially obtained
(b) acquired knowledge is used as it is obtained

5.Which of the following changes in behavior are typically excluded from a formal definition of learning?

(a) changes that are transient

(b) permanent changes in behavior

6. Bandura’s “BoBo doll” experiment illustrated the distinction between:

(a) physiological and affective changes in behavior
(b) potential and actual changes in behavior

7.Changes due to maturation are excluded from the definition of learning because:

(a) they may arise from innate forces
(b) neural

8.Which of the following is a maturation-based, as opposed to experience-based, change in behavior?

(a) a rat’s faster pace through a maze after 10 attempts through the maze

(b) a decrease in one’s anxiety level towards horror films after viewing one horror film per day for an entire year

(d) bone growth

9. Habituation can be measured by:

(a) observing whole-body startle reactions to loud tones
(b) measuring the amount of blood flowing into one’s brain

10.Which of the following is most likely to result in suppressed responding during a habituation experiment?

(a) spaced presentations
(b) massed presentations
(c) savings

(d) generalization

11. Which of the following is most likely to result in durable habituation?

(a) spaced presentations
(b) massed presentations
(c) savings

(d) dishabituation

12.After habituating his animals to a visual stimulus, Dr. Stillman presents a novel tone to his subjects. Following the presentation of the tone, the animals are again shown the initial visual stimulus, but they no longer habituate to this event. What has occurred?

(a) generalization

(b) sensory adaptation
(c) savings

(d) dishabituation

13.After habituating his animals to a dark-blue circle, Dr. Stillman presents a light-blue circle to his subjects and finds that they continue to habituate to this novel item. What has occurred?

(a) generalization

(b) sensory adaptation
(c) savings

(d) dishabituation

14. Effector fatigue occurs when:

(a) sensory receptors lose their ability to detect changes in the environment
(b) one’s response system is depleted

15. Neurons directly involved in the reflex arc have been labeled:

(a) Type S
(b) Type R
(c) Type H
(d) Type A

, 6. Neurons directly involved in the reflex arc have been labeled __ , and are closely related to the process of __ .

(a) Type S; sensitization
(b) Type S; habituation
(c) Type H; sensitization
(d) Type H; habituation

Learnin Theories

17.Neurons that playa major role in the general level of arousal of the nervous system have been labeled:

(a) Type S
(b) Type R
(c) Type H
(d) Type A

18. Why is a CR sometimes called an anticipatory response?

(a) because a subject anticipates that making a CR will lead to some type of reward

(b) because a subject makes a CR during the presentation of the US
(c) because a subject makes a CR during the presentation of the CS
(d) none of the above

19.Which of the following methods of classical conditioning is focused on the survival value of conditioned associations?

(a) eyeblink conditioning
(b) SCR measurement

20.Dr. Williams is interested in studying classical conditioning, but she feels that manipulating reflex-evoking USs in unethical. To work around Dr. Williams’s ethical standards, she should use:

(a) evaluative conditioning
(b) eyeblink conditioning
(c) SCR measurement

(d) none of the above

21. One possible drawback to evaluative conditioning is:

(a) the reflexes studied are difficult to observe

(b) the SCRs that are to be evaluated can be painful to subjects
(c) the traditional CRs used with the procedure are too intense
(d) none of the above

22. Questions about evaluative conditioning have addressed

(a) whether or not this process is truly classical conditioning
(b) the consciousness status of preference changes

23. Unconditioned Stimuli:

(a) have no biological significance to an organism
(b) are neutral stimuli

24. Unconditioned Stimuli:

(a) can have a sensory element to them
(b) are devoid of emotional significance
(c) do not typically elicit specific reactions
(d) are unidimensional

25. Which of the following could serve as a (S?

(a) the passage of time since the most recent US
(b) a tone

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1.In the last 3 months, Mike never knows when he is going to get his allowance from his parents. He knows that he gets paid about every week, but sometimes his allowance comes 10 days after the previous one, sometimes only 4 days separate his allowance, while some payments come on a regular, 7-day rotation. The type of reinforcement schedule being used is a:

(a) variable interval
(b) fixed interval

2.In a schedule, reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses.

(a) continuous reinforcement
(b) fixed ratio

3.An experimenter designs their experiment so that a reinforcer is delivered after a subject presses a bar in a Skinner box. To maximize conditioning, which delay interval (between the response and the delivery of the reinforcer) should be used?

(a) 1 second
(b) 2 second
(c) 4 second
(d) 8 second

4.The capacity to inhibit immediate gratification in preference for a larger reward in the long run is central to:

(a) secondary reinforcement
(b) self-control

5. The quickest way to reduce an organism’s biological need would be to use:

(a) secondary reinforcement
(b) self-control

6.A teacher giving a student a coupon they can exchange for a pencil, candy, or other reward is an example of this type of reinforcement.

(a) secondary and primary reinforcement

(b) self-control and token reinforcement
(c) primary and token reinforcement

(d) secondary and token reinforcement

7.After getting a good grade on an exam, Julie’s mom gives Julie a big hug. The behavior of Julie’s mom in this situation could best be described as:

(a) secondary reinforcement
(b) social reinforcement

8.Sales associates’ attempts to help customers are sometimes rewarded with sales. Though which customer will buy may be unpredictable, more attempts should produce more sales. Such a schedule would illustrate _ reinforcement:

(a) variable interval
(b) variable ratio
(c) fixed ratio

(d) fixed interval

9. A reinforcer:

(a) only has its reinforcing qualities in its originally-used context
(b) does not always lead to satisfaction

10.Which of the following could occur within a participant during punishment training?

(a) aggression

(b) conditioned fear

11.Dr. Smith is trying to teach Billy to WANT to do his homework, because of the personal satisfaction that homework completion will bring to Billy. Dr. Smith is essentially trying to enhance Billy’s:

(a) extrinsic motivation
(b) intrinsic motivation
(c) latent learning

(d) biofeedback ability

12. A reward can interfere with a punisher when: (page 138)

(a) reward and punishment fail to arouse approach-avoidance conflict
(b) the punishment is not consistent

(c) the punishing event becomes a secondary positive reinforcer
(d) none of the above- rewards never interfere with punishment

13.After Susie runs away from her mother and into the street, she is almost hit by a passing car. Following this event, Susie’s mother punishes her for her behavior. Research shows that:

(a) Susie might continue to misbehave, in an even worse manner
(b) the punishment might have no effect on Susie

(d) neither a nor b

14. Self-Injurious Behavior tends to be treated with:

(a) reinforcement
(b) punishment

(d) learned helplessness

15.Skinner’s stance of the use of punishment in treating Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB) was that:

(a) it should not be done because it is immoral

(b) it should not be done because it only reinforces the punisher
(c) it should be done if it is brief, harmless, and contingent on SIB

(d) it should be done in an intense and painful way, in order to be effective in eliminating the SIB

16.Whenever Billy cries at the supermarket, his mom and dad buy him a candy bar, and find that with each trip to the store, Billy cries more and more. What is happening?

(a) Billy’s responses are generalizing

(b) negative reinforcement- Billy has learned that when he cries at the store, he gets a candy bar

(d) none of the above- there is no relation between the candy bar and Billy’s behavior

17.Ernie’s car has an automatic transmission with the gear shift behind the steering wheel. Earlier today, however, he drove his mom’s car, which has its automatic transmission gear shift on the floor of the car. As he tried to drive his mom’s car out of her driveway, he reached for the gear shift behind the
steering wheel, although it wasn’t there. Ernie’s behavior in this situation is illustrative of:

(a) retroactive interference
(b) proactive interference
(c) anchoring

(d) none of the above

18.As a result of taking this test today, you are having a difficult time recalling the material you studied yesterday, for a test in tomorrow’s calculus class. The memory deficit described here illustrates:

(a) retroactive interference
(b) proactive interference
(c) anchoring

(d) remote associations

19. Response learning can be enhanced by:

(a) using meaningful response items

(b) using nonmeaningful response items
(c) the experimenter being vague

(d) responses having few associations

20.Which of the following can influence the degree to which items in a paired associate learning task become connected to one another?

(a) prior knowledge

(b) preexisting associations
Ic) cognitive elaboration
(d) all of the above

21.Dr. Smith gives his experimental subjects the words BOY and SKY to learn in a paired associate task. After presenting subjects with these two words, subjects must generate a sentence that uses both of the words. Dr. Smith’s methodology is studying the effect of which of the following processes on
paired-associate learning?

(a) free recall

(b) cognitive elaboration
(c) memorization

(d) direction of associations

22.When presented with the stimulus word “BASKET” and asked for a response, Jody replies “BALL:’This response is typical of research looking into which aspect of paired associate learning?

(a) S-R mapping

(b) cognitive elaboration

(d) direction of associations

23.Enhanced recall for information presented in an earlier (as opposed to later) portion of a word list is referred to as:

(a) the recency effect
(b) the primacy effect
(c) anchoring

(d) paired-associate learning

24.The existence of long-term memory can be said to be supported by the occurrence of:

(a) the recency effect
(b) the primacy effect
(c) anchoring

(d) paired-associate learning

25.The idea that words from the same semantic category can be recalled together even if they were not presented as part of the same list is the core idea underlying:

(a) categorical clustering
(b) subjective organization
(c) associative clustering
(d) matrix recall

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1.You are asked “Who was the first president of the United States?”To answer this question, you would most likely have to retrieve information from:

(a) short-term memory
(b) semantic memory
(c) episodic memory
(d) procedural memory

2.You are asked “Where were you on 9/1 1 ?” To answer this question, you would most likely have to retrieve information from:

(a) short-term memory
(b) semantic memory
(c) episodic memory
(d) procedural memory

3.The finding that certain amnesiacs have impaired episodic LTM but preserved semantic LTM (or vice-versa) suggests that:

(a) LTM is always damaged in amnesia
(b) STM is always damaged in amnesia

4.This anomalous forgetting phenomenon describes when a person thinks they have come up with an original idea, only to realize later it was suggested by someone else.

(a) cryptomnesia
(b) deja vu

(d) none of the above

5. Which of the following is NOT known to produce memory loss?

(a) electroconvulsive therapy

(b) an unusual word appearing in the middle of a list of other words
(c) the inducing of frustration in infants

(d) none of the above

6.The answer to which of the following questions would most likely involve activation of the mechanism(s) behind implicit memory?

(a) “When did you graduate from high school?”
(b) “When is your birthday?”

7. Implicit Memory: Explicit Memory as Unconscious:

(a) Inactive
(b) Indirect
(c) Conscious
(d) Retention

8. A test that makes direct reference to a prior episode is most likely assessing:

(a) incidental memory
(b) implicit memory
(c) working memory
(d) explicit memory

9. Mary’s knowledge of how to drive a car is most likely originating from her:

(a) explicit memory

(b) procedural memory
(c) episodic memory
(d) semantic memory

10.Which of the following features has been identified as being a critical characteristic of STM?

(a) unlimited capacity

(b) lack of potential for forgetting
(c) stores items verbally

(d) acoustic encoding

11.According to the word-length-effect, which of the following words has the best chance of being recalled correctly?

(a) INCARCERATION
(b) THOUGHTFULNESS
(c) TIRE

(d) MOUNTAINS

Learni Theories

12.The ability to recall, in order of presentation, which of the following number of items from a sequence of items, as indicative of a normal adult memory span:

(a) 12
(b) 4
(c) 7
(d) 2

13. The suffix effect tends to:

(a) enhance recall of recently-presented information

(b) enhance recall of information presented 24 hours or more prior to recall
(c) diminish recall of recently-presented information

(d) diminish recall of information presented 24 hours or more prior to recall

14. The impairment in patient K.F. suggests that:

(a) one needs STM to get information into LTM

(b) STM is not necessary for the transfer of information into LTM
(c) LTM has a limited capacity

(d) STM actually has an unlimited capacity

15.Which is NOT listed in your text (Box 8.2) as a condition which can cause memory loss?

(a) Lyme disease

(b) toxic poisoning from bad shellfish
(c) alcohol poisoning

(d) all of the above can cause memory loss

16. Emotional events are highly recallable because:

(a) they tend to be non-distinctive, inhibiting interference from external factors
(b) they allow our attention to wander

(d) the bodily arousal occurring with emotions enhances memory formation

17.According to McCarthy and Warrington (1990) which of the following is NOT a purpose of short term memory?

(a) familiarity

(b) problem solving

(d) gateway to long-term memory

, 8. High amounts of domain-specific knowledge can lead to the development of:

(a) novice ability
(b) expert ability

(d) procedural memory

, 9. The testing effect produces the effect it does because:

(a) testing is less challenging than continued studying

(b) transfer-appropriate processing mechanisms are engaged
(c) testing is not connected to studying

(d) none of the above

20.Of all of the lectures in his Introductory Economics class, Tom remembers the class about global economics best because the teacher wore all of his clothes backwards and inside-out. The teachers was seemingly trying to encourage:

(a) maintenance rehearsal
(b) the recency effect

21.One reason why textbooks place critical terms in bold-face is due to the premises of:

(a) maintenance rehearsal
(b) the recency effect

22.The enhanced recall of distinctive items, and the impaired recall of information presented just prior to the distinctive stimuli, is referred to as:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect
(b) the retrograde amnesic effect
(c) the von Restorff effect

(d) the recency effect

23.The occurrence of distinctive stimuli impairing the recall of information presented after the distinctive items is referred to as:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect
(b) the retrograde amnesic effect

At the beginning of yesterday’s sociology class, Dr. Smith showed highly suggestive pictures of men and women to illustrate the different forms that pornography can take. After this 5-minute slide show, Dr. Smith gave a 45-minute lecture of pornography and modern society. However, immediately
after the class ended, the students had no memory of the lecture– all they could recall were the sexually explicit photographs shown at the start of class. This impaired memory is illustrative of:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect
(b) the retrograde amnesic effect
(c) the von Restorff effect

(d) the recency effect

25. The spacing effect suggests that:

(a) massed practice is better than distributed practice
(b) distributed practice is better than massed practice

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1.If a typical person is told to/Name a type of mammalr which of the following responses would be LEAST likely to be named?

(a) dog
(b) cat
(c) whale
(d) horse

2.When retrieving the concept CAR, the concept SPEEDING TICKET is also retrieved. What is the name of the concept that most directly explains why these two ideas are recalled together?

(a) priming

(b) prosopagnosia

3.Adam is trying to remember information for his psychology exam, but similar information that he studied in sociology is also being retrieved, interfering with his thinking process. This interference is most similar to:

(a) priming

(b) the fan effect

4.Ever since his car accident, Joe has difficulty remembering what his friends do for a living, although he can remember their names. This dysfunction is evidence for:

(a) the modularity of episodic memory
(b) the modularity of semantic memory
(c) the formation of an implicit memory
(d) the validity of spreading of activation

5.An early, but ultimately incorrect, approach to understanding the biology of memory was:

(a) the modularity approach
(b) long-term potentiation

6.Remembering that improves over successive attempts at reproduction of the studied material is:

(a) hypermnesia

(b) encoding specificity
(c) distinctiveness

(d) none of the above

7. Motor skill learning has qualities that make it illustrative of:

(a) procedural learning
(b) declarative memory
(c) neither a or b

(d) both a and b

8.As Melanie sits in class paying attention to the new material being presented by her professor, this information, in its unconsolidated state, is likely being processed in which storage system?

(a) sensory memory

10.

11.One study on remembering knowledge learned in school assessed learning 4 and 11 months after completion of a course. Grades fell about on the delayed tests.

(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 50

(d) none of the above

, O. After practicing all summer long, Madison has finally learned how to make a baseball curve when she throws it. This ability can best be described as:

(a) implicit learning
(b) spatial learning

Learni Theories

11.Tommy has been running the 1-mile race for his track team for the past 5 years. His best times in each of the past 5 years, respectively, have been 5:30,5:02,4:40,4:30, and 4:25. Assuming his training proceeds according to plan, which of the following times should he be capable of running
this year, according to the power law?

(a) 3:59
(b) 4:02
(c) 4:23
(d) 4:10

12. The power law focuses on the relationship between motor skills learning and:

(a) practice
(b) feedback
(c) motivation
(d) strength

13.Louie spent 4 hours yesterday afternoon learning how to ride a new ail-terrain vehicle, and had his competence tested over an obstacle course. He completed the course, but made 7 driving errors while on the course. After getting a good night’s rest (and without additional driving practice), Louie
returned to the course today and completed it with only 2 errors. This skill improvement is best referred to as:

(a) implicit learning

(b) practice independent learning
(c) practice dependent learning
(d) massed practice

14.Janet is learning how to type, in the context of a single-session lab-based psychology experiment. To maximize typing performance in this context, the best type of feedback should be delivered how soon after each typing trial?

(a) 1 minute
(b) 1 hour

15. The self-guidance hypothesis suggests that:

(a) frequent feedback is the best way to improve motor skills

(b) delayed feedback allows one to learn how to correct their own errors
(c) delayed feedback inhibits motor skill learning

(d) people can guide themselves when learning a motor skill-feedback is not necessary

16. Which individual is likely to show the best classical conditioning ability?

(a) a 27-yearold
(b) a 7-year-old
(c) a z-year-old
(d) a 72-year-old

17. Prenatal classical conditioning involves:

(a) exposing a child to a CS and US immediately after birth

(b) testing for a conditioned response at 1 month, and then 1 year, after birth
(c) exposing a fetus to CS-US pairings

(d) none of the above

18. Identical twins tend to show similar memory ability on tasks involving:

(a) short-term memory
(b) digit span

(d) associative memory

19. Episodic memories can be assessed during infancy by using:

(a) classical conditioning
(b) habituation

(d) none of the above

20. Childhood amnesia may be the result of:

(a) prenatal exposure to alcohol

(b) enhanced hippocampal activity during the first year of life
(c) well-formed meta memory skills

(d) diminished memory capacity during infancy, compared to adulthood

21.Very young children tend to rely on data to encode information, whereas older children and adults utilize data during encoding.

(a) sensory; motor
(b) sensory; verbal
(c) verbal; motor
(d) motor; sensory

22.Cindy, a 6-year-old, is presented with several random strings of letters to commit to memory. Which of the following strings is she most likely to remember in the correct order?

(a) RQY

(b) BHFZP
(c) MPLSTGX

(d) WYZDHLPMT

23. Developmental disabilities may be caused by:

(a) birth defects
(b) head injury
(c) malnutrition

(d) all of the above

24.In a l-roorn schoolhouse with students of all ages, Mr. Smith notices that some of his students are taking notes about what is being discussed in class, whereas others are not. Which of the following students would be most likely to be one of the students taking notes?

(a) Joe, a 5-year-old boy

(b) Jen, a 6-year-old girl

25.Dr. Marie has a 23-year-old female patient that is having problems with her spatial memory. Giving this patient an estrogen supplement to boost her memory will likely have what effect on her memory dysfunction?

(a) it will eliminate it
(b) it will make it worse

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