Consolidation

Consolidation

QUESTION 1

Which of the following is not a basic process in learning?

Consolidation

Encoding

Retrieval

Transduction

QUESTION 2

When we use memory to perform a learned ability such as playing a musical instrument we are using _____memory.

QUESTION 3

The three successive events that are necessary for recall of a past event are , , and .

QUESTION 4

It has been proposed that PTSD can be reduced or eliminated by administering drugs to:

Accelerate forgetting

Block the effects of emotional stress on memory

Inhibit behavioral sensitization

Reduce frontal lobe activity

QUESTION 5

The most striking impairment suffered by H.M. is:

Prosopagnosia

Anterograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Episodic amnesia

QUESTION 6

Memories that we are consciously aware that we are retrieving are known as _____memories.

QUESTION 7

Which memory store holds the largest number of items?

Iconic memory

Short-term memory

Intermediate-term memory

Long-term memory

QUESTION 8

The ability of elderly people to retrieve certain memories (but not others) seems particularly related to the:

Presence of memory cues

Absence of delays between learning and recall

Presence of rewards

Specificity of the items to be retrieved from memory

QUESTION 9

Research indicates that emotional enhancement of memory:

Cannot be shown in laboratory research

Occurs in humans but not in nonhuman animals

Involves adrenergic stress hormones

Lasts only briefly

QUESTION 10

Declarative memory is said to deal with:

“How”

“Why”

“Where”

“What”

QUESTION 11

Which of the following does not occur in the continuum of mammalian color vision?

Excellent trichromatic color vision

Robust dichromatic color vision

Feeble dichromatic vision of species that have few cones

Total lack of wavelength discrimination

QUESTION 12

The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about:

“What”

“Who”

“Where”

“When”

QUESTION 13

Rods and cones in the retina are analogous to:

Merkle’s discs in the skin

The tympanic membrane of the ear

Odor receptor cells in the nasal epithelium

All of the above

QUESTION 14

When you are gazing at near objects (such as this question), the lens of the eye is:

Relaxed

Stretched and thinned

Thickened

Concave

QUESTION 15

Which of the following is the correct route for the passage of visual information?

Optic tract, optic nerve, optic radiations

Optic radiations, optic nerve, optic tract

Optic nerve, optic radiations, optic tract

Optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiations

QUESTION 16

The _____neuron is active when an individual observes another individual making a particular movement.

QUESTION 17

Because the visual system integrates stimuli over time, its performance is relatively:

Fast, at the expense of sensitivity

Slow but sensitive

Fast and sensitive

Sensitive, at the expense of acuity

QUESTION 18

Which of the following is the dominant modern theory of color discrimination?

Helmholtz trichromatic hypothesis

Hering opponent-process hypothesis

De Valois hypothesis of spectrally opponent cells

Zeki hypothesis of cortical color processing

QUESTION 19

Retinal receptor cells release the neurotransmitter _____.

QUESTION 20

The brightest light at which we can see is about _____ times as intense as the dimmest light at which we can see.

100,000

10 million

1 billion

10 billion

QUESTION 21

In human males, sexual orientation is probably determined:

Around puberty

By age four

By hormonal variations

By the sex chromosome carried by the father’s sperm

QUESTION 22

The stages of reproductive behavior include all of the following except:

Appetitive behavior

Sexual attraction

Organizational behavior

Copulation

QUESTION 23

The internal sex organs:

Require hormonal stimulation in both males and females for proper development

Are bisexual early in development, unlike the gonads

Develop from the müllerian system in males

None of the above

QUESTION 24

The first standardized information about human sex behavior was obtained by:

Beach

Kinsey

Masters and Johnson

Money and Ehrhardt

QUESTION 25

Which of the following, if true, would indicate that aromatization does not play a role in sexual differentiation of humans?

There are no sex differences in humans.

The sensitive period for humans is postnatal.

Human estrogen does not cross the placenta.

Human α-fetoprotein does not bind estrogens.

QUESTION 26

Research indicates that treating postmenopausal women with low doses of _____can revive sexual interest.

androgen

estrogen

progesterone

cortisol

QUESTION 27

Which of the following are the organs derived from the wolffian duct system?

Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, testes, epididymis, prostate

Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate, epididymis

Seminal vesicles, epididymis, prostate, testes

Seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis

QUESTION 28

Among humans, the only behavior that is displayed exclusively by one sex is _____.

QUESTION 29

Which of the following can regulate sex determination?

Paternal hormones

Temperature

Genes

Both b and c

QUESTION 30

Müllerian ducts develop to form:

Internal male reproductive structures

Labia

Internal female reproductive structures

Ovaries

QUESTION 31

One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that:

Insulin does not rise after a meal.

Low doses of insulin do not stop eating.

High doses of insulin initiate eating.

Untreated diabetic patients are not hungry.

QUESTION 32

Which of the following animals does not regulate its body weight?

A rat with a recent LH lesion

A rat recovering from an LH lesion

A rat provided with a high-fat diet

A rat provided with a low-fat diet

QUESTION 33

About _____% of the heat produced by a human at rest is generated by the brain.

20

33

50

75

QUESTION 34

The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called _____.

QUESTION 35

People suffering from anorexia nervosa:

Have no appetite

Think about food a great deal

Have a neurological disease

Gain weight

QUESTION 36

A principal advantage that ectotherms have over endotherms is that ectotherms:

Eat less

Eat more

Run faster

Jump higher

QUESTION 37

Which of the following is not considered a motivated behavior?

Taking shelter in a storm

Eating

Drinking

Breathing

QUESTION 38

The relationship of basal metabolism to body mass across species does not hold for:

Very large mammals

Microorganisms

An animal that is food-deprived or not at its target weight

None of the above; the relationship holds for all of these groups

QUESTION 39

When a person stops producing insulin early in life, from which type of diabetes does he or she suffer?

Diabetes insipidus

Type I

Type II

Congenital

QUESTION 40

A primary tenet of homeostasis is:

Repetition

Redundancy

Body temperature maintenance

Water balance

QUESTION 41

Growth hormone secretion is high during _____sleep.

QUESTION 42

Nightmares are associated with:

Stage 1 SWS

Stage 2 SWS

Stages 3 and 4 SWS

REM sleep

QUESTION 43

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in constant conditions in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature, their circannual rhythms:

Persist, with a period of 365 days

Become free-running

Disappear

Persist only in females

QUESTION 44

If the SCN is detached from the rest of the brain by a series of knife cuts, its rhythmicity:

Disappears

Becomes abnormally short

Persists

Becomes infradian

QUESTION 45

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _____ in general, and in both men and women in _____.

women; the later stages of life

men; the later stages of life

women; middle age

men; middle age

QUESTION 46

The attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by:

The immediate onset of deep SWS

The immediate onset of REM

A usual pattern of SWS and REM sleep

The lack of REM

QUESTION 47

Entrainment of circadian rhythms refers to the process by which:

The periodic oscillations of an animal’s activity are dampened

The length a typical day is extended

The rhythms of an animal’s activities are synchronized and shifted

A free-running process is established

QUESTION 48

The most powerful stimulus for resetting the circadian clock is _____.

QUESTION 49

_____sleep is characterized by a rapid EEG of low amplitude.

QUESTION 50

Which neurotransmitter has been especially implicated in the generation of rhythms within the SCN?

Acetylcholine

Serotonin

GABA

None of the above

QUESTION 51

Mark and Ervin have argued that some human violence is:

Related to temporal lobe seizure activity

Socially inspired and shaped

Related to the XXY chromosome pattern

Resistant to surgical intervention

QUESTION 52

Which of the following statements is most true about cross-cultural observations of facial expressions?

All facial expressions are interpreted similarly across cultures.

Explicit cultural training is needed to interpret facial expressions.

Facial expressions are subject to culture-specific display rules.

Only the static features of facial expression are culture-invariant.

QUESTION 53

From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, emotions can be viewed as _____ programs that organize behavior in adaptive ways.

QUESTION 54

Which of the following is not an attribute of the type A personality?

High competitive drive

Submission to authority

Impatience

Hostility

QUESTION 55

Which of the following transmitters has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?

Acetylcholine

Substance P

Serotonin

Dopamine

QUESTION 56

The device that is used to measure bodily responses to stress is called a _____.

QUESTION 57

In a normal young subject, the presence of a friend during a demanding task:

Places strong physiological demands on the subject

Provokes unregulated hostility and physiological arousal

Increases blood pressure

Lessens the magnitude of cardiovascular response to this type of stress

QUESTION 58

Papez’s circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in:

Facial expression

Autonomic response specificity

Emotional expression

The neural control of violence

QUESTION 59

With increased levels of corticosteroids, the responses of the immune system to pathogens such as viruses is:

Inhibited

Enhanced

Unchanged

Affected slightly

QUESTION 60

Patients with Parkinson’s disease show which of the following changes of emotional expression?

They cannot move the face voluntarily.

They lose spontaneous emotional expression.

They can show expressions of happiness only.

They have profound lesions of the facial nucleus.

QUESTION 61

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to cut the as a treatment for .

QUESTION 62

Prosopagnosia is the inability to:

Identify objects by touch

Learn the names of objects that are seen

Recognize faces

Distinguish different patterns of visual stimuli

QUESTION 63

Broca’s aphasia is usually associated with lesions of:

The angular gyrus

The left inferior frontal region

Wernicke’s area

The left temporal lobe

QUESTION 64

An exciting future treatment for brain injury may be the use of [_____] to replace the damaged neurons.

QUESTION 65

The left visual field is projected to:

The left hemisphere

Both hemispheres

The right hemisphere

The hemisphere associated with handedness

QUESTION 66

Improvements in language ability following a stroke may develop from a:

Shift to right-hemisphere control of language

Profound regrowth of connections in the left hemisphere

Subcortical control of language

Shift to frontal cortical control of language

QUESTION 67

According to some studies, stroke patients given _____ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

melodic intonation

constraint-induced-movement

edema reduction

intense massage

QUESTION 68

Widespread neuronal death occurs in stroke apparently as a consequence of:

Too little activity of neurons

Too much excitation of neurons

A loss of connections from other regions

Pathological changes in glial cells

QUESTION 69

A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _____ aphasia.

Wernicke’s

Broca’s

conduction

global

QUESTION 70

Patients with aphasia sometimes produce entirely new, nonsensical words called:

Nonfluent speech items

Agraphisms

Neologisms

Anomias

QUESTION 71

Which of the following does not belong with the others?

Semicircular canal

Middle canal

Tympanic canal

Vestibular canal

QUESTION 72

The auditory system is believed to have evolved from the system, which in turn is thought to have evolved from the system.

QUESTION 73

The phenomenon of onset _____ and the formation of a sound _____by the head allow for the localization of sound in space.

disparity; shadow

disparity; box

similarity; shadow

similarity; box

QUESTION 74

The inferior colliculus projects auditory impulses to the:

Cochlear nucleus

Superior olivary complex

Medial geniculate nucleus

Primary auditory cortex

QUESTION 75

Hearing may be partially restored in deaf people through the use of devices called _____.

QUESTION 76

The lowest level at which impulses from the two ears interact is the:

Cochlear nucleus

Medial geniculate

Olivary nucleus

Inferior colliculus

QUESTION 77

The idea that we use both intensity differences and differences in the time of arrival of auditory signals to localize sounds is called the _____theory.

QUESTION 78

Deafness that arises from problems with the middle ear is called _____deafness.

QUESTION 79

For humans, the minimal discriminable frequency difference between two tones is about:

20 Hz for sounds up to 2000 Hz

2 Hz for sounds up to 2000 Hz

10 Hz for sounds less than 20,000 Hz

10 Hz for sounds greater than 2000 Hz

QUESTION 80

Within the nucleus laminaris of birds, bineural cells act as _____to detect the location of sound in space.

space detectors

coincidence detectors

place engineers

None of the above

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