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Prepare an applied ethics presentation (12-15 slides, with speaker notes)

creating a 12-15 slide power-point presentation. I’m included a sample of a strong powerpoint below, but it was done for a slightly different assignment, so keep this in mind.
I first want to give you a formatting tip: you need strong argument and aesthetic/rhetorical effectiveness. In a powerpoint, the best way to achieve this is to keep your slides reserved for bullet-points and visual aids, and put the majority of your argument in the notes.
For this powerpoint, you will perspective, need to choose a particular ethical debate that is currently relevant in your field. You will need to:

1) Explain the issue from an ethical equally presenting the strengths and weaknesses of both sides of the debate: why does each side think what they think? In doing so, make sure that you identify the crux questions: those questions on which the debate as a whole turns.
2) You will need to choose two of the primary moral theories/thinkers that we’ve covered in this course and explain how each would respond to/solve the ethical dilemma in question. Make sure that you explain their theories before attempting to apply them.
3) Discuss how Christian Ethics (including the relevant biblical, theological, philosophical, and historical aspects) would address the ethical issue and compare or contrast this to how your two ethical theories would solve the issue.
4) Choose a model of moral decision making and, given the data that you’ve presented in the points above, use that model to work through finding a solution to the issue.
5) Provide a concluding summary argument for your own solution to the debate, which should be reflected in the work that you’ve done on the above points.

attached is an example

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sample_presentation-1.pptx
Posted: 2 Years AgoDue: 05/08/2017Budget: $20
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Question 1

Dr. Jakel is a psychologist who studies basic topics in psychology, such as learning, memory, sensation, and perception. Dr. Jakel’s area of specialization is:

A. biological

B. experimental

C. personality

D. clinical

Question 2

Joanna has suffered a series of personal setbacks, including the death of a family member, academic problems in college, and a divorce. She feels so sad, upset, and lonely that she is contemplating suicide. Joanna could probably best be helped by a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. experimental

B. clinical

C. industrial/organizational

D. educational

Question 3

Dr. Lopez assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test measuring the ability to cope with stress. He is checking the _____ of his new test.

A. reliability

B. validity

C. norms

D. variability

Question 4

Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

A. Human behavior is best understood in terms of the individual capacity for growth, free will, and self-direction.

B. To fully understand human behavior, you must understand how behavior varies among different cultures.

C. A given psychological process exists in the form it does because the process solved a specific problem of individual survival or reproduction that repeatedly occurred over the course of human history.

D. As medical and technological advances have evolved, the biological basis of behavior should be the primary focus of contemporary psychology

Question 5

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance, randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. They then tested their reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

A. the amount of sleep deprivation each group was subjected to.

B. how much sleep each group needed following the sleep deprivation experiment.

C. the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task.

D. how often the participants fell asleep during the sleep deprivation phase of theexperiment

Question 6

Your instructor notices that in many of his classes, the longer he lectures, the more student yawns he sees. This represents:

A. a positive correlation.

B. a negative correlation.

C. a cause-and-effect relationship.

D. scientific proof that yawning is contagious

Question 7

After collecting her data and performing a number of statistical analyses, Jana noticed that the standard deviation was very large. This indicates that:

A. there was a relatively large number of scores in the distribution

B. the distribution was positively skewed.

C. the scores were clustered around the mean and were not spread out.

D. the scores had a great deal of variability and were not clustered around the mean.

Question 8

In Howard Gardner’s theory, distinct forms of intelligence include:

A. verbal comprehension, numerical ability, perceptual speed, and reasoning.

B. linguistic, creative, musical, scientific-mathematical, performance, intellectual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence.

C. linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligence.

D. analytic, creative, and practical intelligence

Question 9

The development of medications that helped control the symptoms of severe psychological disorders and development of techniques to study the human brain contributed to the importance of _____ psychology in recent decades.

A. industrial/organizational

B. cognitive

C. humanistic

D. biological

Question 10

Scores on tests of individual differences, including intelligence test scores, often follow a pattern in which most scores are in the average range with fewer scores in the extremely high or extremely low range. What is this pattern of distribution of scores called?

A. the normal curve or normal distribution

B. the reliability distribution

C. the variability distribution

D. the standard distribution

Question 11

Jonathan is a very bright 10-year-old with a mental age of 12. If tested on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, his IQ score would most likely be:

A. 100

B. 83

C. 120

D. 160

Question 12

According to Professor Zarkov’s correlational data, there is a statistically significant relationship between the socioeconomic level of a family and how much time the parents spend talking to their children. To say that the results of this study are “statistically significant” means that:

A. there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables.

B. the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

C. the finding has no mathematical validity.

D. the finding can be used to generate new theories.

Question 13

Approximately two-thirds (68 percent) of all scores on the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, a range that is considered to indicate normal or average intelligence.

A. 100;150

B. 50; 150

C. 85; 115

D. 60; 130

Question 14

Fifty students took the midterm exam in Dr. Axelrod’s class. In order to get some idea of the most “typical” score, Dr. Axelrod added up all the scores and divided the sum by 50. The product of this calculation is called the:

A. median.

B. standard deviation.

C. mean.

D. range

Question 15

Psychologists who counsel students, perform assessments, and who help teachers, school administrators, and parents understand how children learn and develop are known as _____ psychologists.

A. school

B. experimental

C. personality

D. cognitive

Question 16

Why do researchers try to avoid being detected by their subjects when engaged in naturalistic observations?

A. The researchers themselves could be considered to be a dependent variable that affects the results of the study.

B. Naturally occurring behavior patterns might not occur if the subjects become aware that they are being observed.

C. It is unethical to engage in any kind of research, even naturalistic observation, unless there is prior permission by the subjects.

D. Subjects may continue to act naturally with the researchers, but the researchers may not act like researchers once they begin to interact with the subjects

Question 17

Which of the following best represents psychology’s basic goals?

A. investigate and treat mental illness

B. describe, explain, predict, and influence (or change) behavior

C. listen to, counsel, and console people with problems

D. apply the findings of animal research to abnormal behavior

Question 18

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of depression are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

A. change in the symptoms of depression

B. method used to recruit participants for the study

C. form of psychotherapy used to treat depression

D. cost of the study

Question 19

Lynn has just received a research grant to study the effect of downsizing on morale at a large computer company. Lynn is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. cross-cultural

B. biological

C. industrial/organizational

D. personality

Question 20

The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called the:

A. descriptive method.

B. correlational method.

C. experimental method.

D. meta-analytic method

Question 21

Humanistic psychology emphasized:

A. the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions.

B. the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors.

C. unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.

D. free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential

Question 22

A correlation coefficient is:

A. numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors.

B. independent variable that is used in a correlational study.

C. numerical indicator of the statistical significance of the findings in a particular research study.

D. index of the practical rather than the statistical significance of research findings

Question 23

In survey research, the term sample refers to a(n):

A. preliminary questionnaire that is used to develop the final survey

B. carefully selected segment of the larger group that is to be studied

C. small pilot study that is later repeated using a larger group of participants

D. example of a completed questionnaire, which is mailed to survey

Question 24

In Dr. Foster’s study, one group is given a new medication that is believed to reduce anxiety. Another group is given a medication that looks like the real medication but it has none of the active ingredients in it to affect anxiety. In this experiment, the experimental group is the:

A. group that receives the new medication.

B. group that receives the medication without the active ingredients.

C. anxiety group.

D. group without anxiety

Question 25

A researcher sets out to test the following statement: “Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smoke.” This statement is an example of:

A. a theory.

B. an operational definition.

C. a hypothesis.

D. experimenter bias

Question 26

Dr. Harmon wants to study the conditions under which some children are rejected by their peers. Daily, from the beginning of a school year, she carefully observes and records the behavior of kindergartners, first-graders, and second-graders in the classroom and on the playground. Dr. Harmon is using:

A. a survey.

B. naturalistic observation.

C. a case study.

D. the experimental method

Question 27

Which area of psychology is most interested in examining individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique?

A. educational psychology

B. social psychology

C. cross-cultural psychology

D. personality psychology

Question 28

Of the following correlation coefficients, which represents the strongest relationship between two factors?

A.-.85

B. .01

C. .50

S. .80

Question 29

In order to find out if her new abstract reasoning test is good at measuring what it was designed to measure, Dr. Marshall compares the scores on her test with the scores and grades of college students enrolled in courses that involve abstract reasoning. In this instance, Dr. Marshall is in the process of:

A. establishing the test’s reliability.

B. establishing the test’s validity.

C. standardizing the test.

D. Establishing the test’s variability

Question 30

The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences and early life experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

A. cognitive

B. biological

C. humanistic

D. psychodynamic

Question 31

Dr. Macmillan has designed a test to measure mathematical ability in college graduates. In order to establish a norm against which individual scores may be interpreted and compared, she is presently administering the test to a large representative sample of college graduates. Dr. Macmillan is in the process of:

A. establishing the test’s validity.

B. establishing the test’s reliability.

C. standardizing the test.

D. establishing the test’s representation

Question 32

Dr. Woods is studying the degree to which primates seem to display logic and insight in figuring out a variety of puzzles and other simple problems. Dr. Woods is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. industrial/organizational

B. clinical

C. forensic

D. cognitive

Question 33

Ramon has organized his data into both a frequency distribution and a polygon. Now he wants to summarize the data with a single number that provides information about the “typical” score, or the “center” of the distribution. Ramon would be advised to use:

A. a measure of central tendency.

B. an inferential statistic, called thet-test.

C. the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique.

D. a correlation coefficient.

Question 34

While conducting research on intelligence, the experimenters were very careful to control for unwanted variability in such factors as age, gender, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and so on. They did this in order to avoid or minimize the influence of:

A. extraneous or confounding variables.

B. dependent or outcome variables.

C. demand characteristics.

D. practice effects

Question 35

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

A. the important role of mental processes in how people process information, developlanguage, solve problems, and think.

B. how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences.

C. the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries.

D. the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonalrelationships on a person’s self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction instriving to reach one’s potential

Question 36

Behaviorism was characterized by:

A. the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior.

B. a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.

C. a focus upon the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth.

D. an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.

Question 37

A representative sample is a:

A. group of participants that closely parallels the larger group to be studied on all relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, and race.

B. sample questionnaire that represents the most likely set of survey responses.

C. small group of volunteers who try to predict the survey results.

D. list of all the possible questions that might be represented on the final survey.

Question 38

Tyler wants to know how much the scores in his data differ from each other and whether the scores are widely spread out. Tyler would be well advised to use:

A. a measure of central tendency.

B. the correlation coefficient.

C. a measure of variability.

D. the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA)

Question 39

Under the American Psychological Association’s ethical code for psychologists, psychological researchers:

A. must respect the dignity and welfare of the research participants.

B. must consult each participant’s family doctor.

C. are never allowed to deceive research participants.

D. can identify research participants by name, but only in professional journals.

Question 40

In an experiment investigating the hypothesis that aerobic exercise improves concentration and memory, all the participants had an equal chance of being assigned to any of the three conditions in the study. The researchers have used _____ to minimize the possibility of bias when assigning participants to the different groups.

the practice effect

random assignment

the single-blind technique

the double-blind technique

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Assume the role of the new director of a professional organization, a mental health clinic, or a private nonprofit research institution or a university program. Most of the staff/faculty have been part of the organization for years, and the atmosphere is very collegial. You, however, have heard, that shortcuts are being taken and potential ethical violations are not being addressed by colleagues. Now, you are preparing

for your first meeting with the entire staff. Your goal is to emphasize the need for ethical decision making and the importance of placing the clients’ or students’ needs and rights above those of the staff. Additionally, your PowerPoint presentation should emphasize the APA Ethics Code and the standards for resolving ethical violations. In your speaker notes, include examples of hypothetical violations. You must utilize and cite the Ethical Standards that you believe may be the subject of violation.

Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as speaker notes for each slide. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists.

Support your presentation with at least fivescholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources may be included.

Length: 12-15 slides (with a separate reference slide)
Notes Length: 200-350 words for each slide

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ethics_and_ethics_codes_for_psychologists.pdf
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feeling_socially_connected_increases_utilitarian_choices.pdf
Posted: 2 Years AgoDue: 06/08/2017Budget: $60
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1

Walden Sports, Inc. Scenario

by

Michael A. Leonard

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the course

Job Attitudes, Measurement, and Change

Walden University

Introduction

Walden Sports Inc. is a competent sports company that has experienced a vast development concerning employer and employee relations. The latter has also affected its performance in various ways. The company has experienced both massive sales and significant loss during the twelve years of operation (Laureate Education, 2012a). However, the organization has not lost hope of emerging competent from the slide they have experienced. The progress can be attributed to positive work attitude and motivation. The success of the Walden Sports company, therefore, grew rapidly and exponentially. However, later, employee motivation fell, and with their CEO unprepared for such growth, a sharp decrease in the productivity of the company was noticed. The workers started skipping work, some unapproved leaves or sick days of their choice (Laureate Education, 2012a). These tendencies may depict how the disgruntled workers felt. They took the unapproved sick leaves possibly to avoid being in the environment of work. Unlike when they started working for this company, where they seemed motivated as depicted by the high sales volumes. There has been some change in job attitudes and thus job output. This change, therefore, needs to be identified, and the variables contributing to it measured and adequately addressed. Through further analysis of the elements of job satisfaction and the associated variables, we shall be able to identify the specific factors contributing to job satisfaction, the psychological aspects of this issue, the limitations of our findings, and provide the necessary recommendations.

Background

The Walden Sports, Inc. is a retail organization that specializes in products that are suited for adventure travelers such as tents, sleeping bags, maps, and travel instructional manuals (Laureate Education, 2012a). Concerning its workforce, the company employs many individuals both on a part-time and full-time basis. The workers are spread across the various departments within the firm. Such has been the tradition of the company since its inception twelve years ago. At first the company had just the products above, however, with time, it has expanded its services to include even insurance for the clients (2012a). In the recent past, they have also begun expanding their product base to include Earth Travelers. The Earth Travelers Service is a tour operated facility that specializes in the packaging of the vacation according to the taste and preference of the client (Laureate Education, 2012a). The acquisition of Earth Travelers gave Walden Sports, Inc. the opportunity to diversify their product and services and thus to bring in more revenue. An increase in the total sales and income from this project further promotes their ranking within the travel and tourism sector. Recent data after the acquisition of Earth Travelers have Overall showed an increase in the sales of vacation packages and insurance policies at Walden Sports Inc. (Laureate Education, 2012b).

Problem Statement

It is undeniable that Walden sports have come a long way in their respected industry. However, it has also been noticed that the company is experiencing some organizational challenges concerning the enterprise structure. An orderly arrangement with the workers has proved hectic. Job satisfaction and motivation among the workers coupled with low productivity levels and job absenteeism are some of the problems that this tourism giant is dealing with now. The employees have also stopped working extra hours as they did before the new management (Laureate 2012b). There is a general trend of laxity among the employees depicting the need for motivation. The absenteeism rates can also depict that the workers are not satisfied with their current working conditions and payment terms. In respect to this problem, this project shall entail the plausible way to deal with this situation and restore progress within the sports house.

Theoretical Framework

In addition to the attitudinal resentment of work, the employees’ may also be reacting to the preconceived trust issues in the organization and role conflict dilemmas. Perceived Organizational Support (POS) presents the best way to fill the void for the management of the organization to make the workers feel that their effort is appreciated (Shanock & Eisenberger, 2006). The company should consider the social, psychological, and economic needs of their workers. A technique for motivation and appreciation should also be developed within this firm. The recognition would help the workers work toward quality service that is in line with the company’s missions and universal values (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchinson, & Sowa, 1986). Furthermore, the company should rebuild its trust in the workers by having the managers honor the job promises that they make to the employees (Laureate Education, 2012b). At the entry level, most of the employees who were interviewed said that they were promised a pay rise and a flexible work schedule, however, these promises have not been honored by the management.

Purpose Statement

The goal of this paper is to study the effects of organizational change on the job attitudes of the workers at Walden Sports Inc. The understanding of how best to involve employees in all diameters of the work environment, enhance job satisfaction and motivation, and improve the trust and teamwork between the employees and the management is very essential. These goals can be achieved by working with the employees to give their comments and constructive feedback from both parties which can be used to find resolutions to the leadership challenges.

As an analyst and advisor to the company, I purpose to collect the right type of data for my analysis through observations, and sample surveys. Through random sampling across the employee population, we shall manage to find valuable data about job satisfaction and job attitudes. The data collection would also cover the treatment of the employees, the work schedule, the roles of both teams, and motivational issues. The observation and surveys would be mainly carried out by the retail outlets.

Literature Search Strategy
Literary data search of the relevant information on job attitudes was performed based on a six-year time frame from 2011-2017. The key aspects of the job approach under study include the level of; job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. The primary database that we utilized in doing this research was the Walden University Library. The OPAC system of the library website gives room for an inter-library search of various academic materials presenting a vast output. Our search was however limited to the select timeframe. Also, we also used scholarly articles from the Internet, The Google Scholar, Walden University Library, Questia, the Journal of Applied psychology, and other relevant organizational documents. The main search options across the web and the other reference catalogs include such subjects as the attitude of workers, the commitment of Walden sports Inc., and team building at Walden Sports Inc. All these terms were meant to provide relevant information in line with the project. A complete such of data over the six years provided sufficient data that helped me understand the aspects of job attitude, measurement, and change based on employer-employee relation, employee’s position, and the level of job satisfaction. The library materials, however, came in very handy for the bibliography.

Literature Review
The work environment has advanced over the years thanks to the development of technology and the globalization (Attridge, 2009). Unemployment within America is often caused by the modifications in business due to the state of the economy. Mergers, franchises, and acquisitions are some of the leading causes of insecurity and unemployment among workers (Guerrero, 2014). Research suggests that nearly 75 percent of all mergers and acquisitions in the United States fail (Guerrero, 2014). Among such mergers, only 15 percent will achieve their financial and organizational goals (Guerrero, 2014). That the statistics for mergers are against those organizations who attempt it, but with precision, it can be accomplished.

Technological advancement and globalization of the market place have led to the quest for a varied skillset from the employees (Caldbick, Labonte, Mohindra, & Ruckert, 2014). The need for extraordinary skills is also perpetuated by the increase in the number of highly educated individuals. A worker, therefore, should have in addition to his or her academic certificates, immense talents, practical experience, and excellent character. A valuable worker would almost always be retained in such scenarios as a merger (Cascio, 2003). Such a worker would then prove almost indispensable when it is time for companies to downsize, form a partnership or outsource. The effects of being laid off from work due to such business misfortunes are often detrimental and at times result in mental breakdowns. The loss of employment is both tragic and worrying for the worker and the dependents on such a laborer.

The change in the management due to these necessary business changes result in fear among the employees who had been used to another boss. The central concern is the insecurity of not meeting the expectations of their new employer. At times, the employers might be a total opposite of their predecessors instilling fear among the employees. The workers are also unsure of the motives of this new management concerning their job security and roles. These developments that come with business reorganization creates a stressful atmosphere for the workers and thus altering their job attitude. A negative job attitude can then be noticed through decreased job satisfaction, reduced commitment, mistrust, and reduced sales (Cascio, 2003).

The Walden Sports Inc. made several unfulfilled promises at the onset of their tenure (Laureate Education, 2012b). Despite their promises, the following period was characterized by duplication of employee roles which led to confusion and in effect negatively affect the psyche of the workers (Laureate Education, 2012c). The new management, therefore, jeopardized their psychological contract with the workers leading to distrust and discontent (Palomino & Frezatti, 2015). This newly created job environment is therefore no longer appealing to the workers, which is causing them to rethink their positions and desire something new and different (Laureate Education, 2012b). A management that would keep their promises and even appreciate their efforts by motivating excellent work through pay rise (Cascio, 2003). The new management at Walden did not only fail to do this, but they were also inaccessible by the employees (Laureate Education, 2012c). There is no clear channel of communication and as a result, the workers were confused on who to report to, and once the supervision was noticed to be poor, then the laborers could sleep on the job or miss out on coming at all (Laureate Education, 2012b; Laureate Education, 2012c). At times, they could take advantage of the mismanagement to miss work and these behaviors could, however, be rectified through the creation a positive perception of the company. The process would require the partnership of both the workers and their direct supervisors.

Survey Instrument

The key measurement tool of job satisfaction, in this case, would be to the degree of organizational commitment. The use of the levels of organizational commitment to project the standard of job satisfaction is efficient. The choice is informed by the thin line that exists between engagement and progress. Take, for example, a worker who loves making candy in a factory. This employee would come in early every morning work with a beaming attitude throughout the day and leave in the evening with some degree of contentment and pride. The worker could even work extra hours if allowed by the management. Such attitude is what defines real commitment at the work place. The commitment of such an employee would go a long way in reducing the turnover while increasing productivity. The best model for measuring the commitment of an employee would be the Meyer and Allen Model of Organizational Commitment (Meyer & Allen 1991). This model was formed by the two authors based on the notion that a worker’s’ commitment traverses beyond the personal goals and values to their psychological obligation to the firm. The model further purports that attitudinal and behavioral commitment play a critical role in job attitudes (Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, & Topolnytsky, 2002). The model, therefore, presents three different levels (effective, continuous, and normative) upon which the employees’ commitment to the company can be measured. By assigning numerical values to different tastes and feedback, I would be able to access how much committed an individual is from his or her review of the company. Moreover, I choose to use this technique based on its high validity and coverage of all psychological aspects of employee commitment.

Methods

Participants

The key participants of this research include the Walden Sports Inc.’s management, the workers and former employees of the firm. By sampling various individuals and interviewing them, we can find out the reason why they left or are unhappy about the work conditions within the company. As for the management, we would initiate them into having a meeting with the other participants to help them find out what is the problem and find the best ways of dealing with the problems.

Measures

The various variables affecting the degree of job satisfaction within Walden Inc. include conflict, trust, and perceived organizational support. These variables form the basis upon which we shall base our measurements. The company has experienced poor job performance that is characterized by absenteeism from work, unsupervised leaves, uncalled for misadventures and reduced profitability levels. These actions point towards a company with employees who are unmotivated and dissatisfied with the work environment. An analysis of each of the three variables would, therefore, give us a possible solution based on the appropriate data analysis technique.

Trust

The change in the management of Walden Sports Inc. has sparked insecurity and mistrust among the new employer and the workers. Furthermore, the workers have lost trust and confidence in the firm due to the mismanagement. There is no longer a proper guideline on how they should work. There is no detailed work schedule and an outline of each worker’s roles. The level of trust between the employer and employee directly affects the job satisfaction and general output (Culbert & McDonough, 1986). If the two parties are not seeing eye to eye, then it is possible for that the worker will develop some degree of resentment and distrust resulting in an inadequate work coordination and thus failure of the company (Kanungo, 1982).

Trust is an important factor in everyday life, it is a mix of feeling and rational thinking as defined by Lewis & Weigert (1985). Most importantly, trust in the workplace has been linked to increased levels of organizational performance and competitiveness (Vineburgh, 2010). When employees feel that their organization is not trustworthy, they tend to find ways to reduce their vulnerability such as reducing their performance (Culbert & McDonough, 1986). The OTI has an internal validity of 0.84 (dimension 1), .78 (dimension 2), and .88 (dimension 3) respectively (Nyhan & Marlowe, 1997; Butler, 1991). The model is a 12-item, and 7-point Likert scale that inquiries on my organization conducts operations in an ethical manner and the organization listens to their employees, and the organization provides proper feedback to their employees

Perceived Organizational Support

Employees often have varied perceptions about their employer. An understanding of this knowledge is therefore very essential in managing any business. Complete emotional intelligence on the part of the company would help him, or she understands how he or she is perceived by the workers and therefore address them at that point. According to industrial and organizational psychology expert Dr. John Meyer, organizational commitment reflects loyalty and willingness to work toward organizational objectives that have been identified by the organization (Meyer, 1997). By meeting the workers at their levels of need, the boss can be able to forge a healthier relationship with the employees. To help the team achieve this, we shall employ the use of the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS) (Celep & Yilmazturk, 2012). The SPOS will give us accurate feedback that can help us work on improving job satisfaction.

The SPOS is a 36-item questionnaire which incorporates a 7-point Likert scale with 1=strongly disagree, and 7=strongly agree (Eisenberger, Jones, Aselage, & Sucharski, 2004). The survey requires employees to answer statements such as the organization provides all materials for employee success or the organization values my suggestions. The scale has a reliability coefficient of .93 on the long version and .89 on the short 8-item and on the original 36-item long version carries a very high internal validity being close to 1.00 (Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch, & Rhoades, 2001).

Role Conflict

The role conflict variable occurs when employees experience incompatible work demands (Karkel & Frone, 1998). Some individuals may experience role conflict while working in a certain field that may be incompatible with their personal values or beliefs, such as working on certain days that may be reserved for religious practices (Karkel & Frone, 1998). The new Walden Sports employees found themselves working for an organization that was not the same one that was presented at the time of their hire (Laureate Education, 2012c). One individual was told that he could travel at least once a month so he could talk about the vacation spots to potential buyers and has yet to take one trip (Laureate Education, 2012c). Another employee was told that the company was like a big family and that may have been true at one point, but since she has been employed the organization has failed to live up to those remarks (Laureate Education, 2012c). These employees are working for an organization that has not lived up to their side of the expectations and some employees would rather work elsewhere but feel trapped in their current position Laureate Education, 2012b). One question that each employee may be asking themselves is can I work for an organization that does not do what they say they will? This scale is composed of 14-items of which eight measures the strength of the role conflict variable while the others measure role ambiguity on a 5-point Likert scale (1=totally disagree to 5=totally agree) (Rizzo, House, & Lirtzmam, 1970). The Cronbach’s Alpha indicates coefficient of .65 (Palomino & Frezatti, 2015; Rizzo, House, & Lirtzmam, 1970). Walden employees will be asked statements such as I would prefer to work for another company or My organization keeps their commitments to their employees.

Procedure

The first step in the measurement would be the defining of our variables and what they shall measure. In trying to understand the psychological aspects of job satisfaction, frequency, and change at the Walden Sports Inc., I collected the necessary data on conflict, trust issues, and the perceptions of the workers. The data collection was by observation, interviews, questionnaires, and scoring cards. These tools of data collection provided the necessary data on the involved variables. The surveys provided primary information from the sampled population. The sampling process was random, and the questions used were similar to avoid any bias. Concerning the score cards, they helped us understand the workers at the firm through the comments on their job performance.

Data Analysis

The analysis of the collected data was carried out in various steps. First, we employed the use of multiple item survey measures to approximate the levels of job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. This technique was based on forming a ranking method for the responses. The categories ranged from 1(Not sure) to 5(Strongly accept). The scores for each response was then coded using the Statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS), and further analysis of the descriptive statistics carried out on the raw data (Field 2013). Secondly, I used the STATA 14.2, to generate a summary of the statistics, perform a regression analysis of the data and develop a correlation matrix for the various categories of responses.

Results

Based on the survey of one hundred and fifty-five employees at Walden Sports Inc. on job attitudes, the outcome of the research displayed a positive correlation between the attitude and commitment. Our variables include; affective, normative, and continuance commitment. From the reliability tests and correlation matrix, the highest-ranking variable was an emotional commitment with a correlation of (α = 0.956) and Cronbach’s alpha for reliability at (α = .924). The normative and continuance aspects of engagement were also highly correlated. The reliability of normative commitment was at α = .931 while that for the continuance was at α = .933. The above statistics, therefore, presents affective commitment as the primary cause of employees slacking from their job.

Table I

Correlations of mean measurements with precursor variables

JobSat

AC

NC

CC

JI

RC

POS

TR Mean Std Deviation Alpha

JobSat

Pearson Correlation

1

.657**

.529**

.356**

.477**

-.211**

.580**

.511** 3.5742 1.54141 .951

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.000

.000

.000

.008

.000

.000

N

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

AC

Pearson Correlation

.657**

1

.621**

.397**

.484**

-.214**

.530**

.533** 3.5505 1.59956 .956

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.000

.000

.000

.008

.000

.000

N

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

NC

Pearson Correlation

.529**

.621**

1

.545**

.493**

.041

.468**

.490** 3.6753 1.59509 .931

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.000

.000

.000

.614

.000

.000

N

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

CC

Pearson Correlation

.356**

.397**

.545**

1

.269**

.046

.248**

.387** 4.0237 1.68897 .933

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.000

.000

.001

.571

.002

.000

N

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

JI

Pearson Correlation

.477**

.484**

.493**

.269**

1

-.070

.452**

.364** 3.2358 1.41264 .944

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.000

.000

.001

.387

.000

.000

N

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

RC

Pearson Correlation

-.211**

-.214**

.041

.046

-.070

1

-.231**

.041 4.1819 1.23632 .924

Sig. (2-tailed)

.008

.008

.614

.571

.387

.004

.609

N

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

POS

Pearson Correlation

.580**

.530**

.468**

.248**

.452**

-.231**

1

.621** 3.9434 1.21830 .892

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.000

.000

.002

.000

.004

.000

N

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

TR

Pearson Correlation

.511**

.533**

.490**

.387**

.364**

.041

.621**

1 3.6461 1.32614 .952

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.609

.000

N

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

155

**. Correlation is 2-tailed and significant at the 0.01 level

Looking at the survey questions themselves, of the N=155 Walden Sports employees surveyed, a minority (25%) have low job satisfaction (JS1) and 20% feel no emotional connection to the organization (AC3). About the same proportion (23%) feels forced to stay with the company out of obligation (NC6). One focus group member mentions that Walden Sports helped pay for her degree. 18.1% felt that their pledge to the organization was partly due to normative commitment (NC4). Some (21%) feel virtually trapped at Walden (CC4), and about the same number (20%) feel their resources would be lost upon leaving (CC5).

About three-quarters of employees (74%) (JI4) are not obsessively involved in the workplace, and 80% agree that work is not the highest priority in life (JI6).

Pearson product-moment coefficient (Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero, 2007) shows how each variable correlates with its antecedent (Table 1) to show which variables strongly predict attitudes toward the job. Correlation value of .6 to .8 is predictive (Field, 2013). There are moderately acceptable positive correlations between the POS and JobSAT survey results (r(155) = .580, p = .00), and between POS and AC (r(155) = .530, p = .00) which is consistent with Arshadi & Hayavi, (2013) indicating that there’s a significant correlation between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction, and between perceived organizational support and affective commitment.

Overall (Table 1) the survey shows a tendency toward lack of satisfaction with the company. POS (M=3.9434, SD=1.21830) reveals, for example, that many respondents ‘slightly disagreed’ on survey questions, while deviation shows that most responded between 2.72 and 5.16 or moderately disagree and slightly agree.

Table II

Frequency Tabulations

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

JSI: All in all, I am satisfied with my job

Valid

1

15

9.7

9.7

9.7

2

39

25.2

25.2

34.8

3

38

24.5

24.5

59.4

4

26

16.8

16.8

76.1

5

17

11.0

11.0

87.1

6

16

10.3

10.3

97.4

7

4

2.6

2.6

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

JS2: In general, I like my job

Valid

1

14

9.0

9.0

9.0

2

25

16.1

16.1

25.2

3

26

16.8

16.8

41.9

4

44

28.4

28.4

70.3

5

14

9.0

9.0

79.4

6

26

16.8

16.8

96.1

7

6

3.9

3.9

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

JS3: In general, I like working for this company

Valid

1

17

11.0

11.0

11.0

2

28

18.1

18.1

29.0

3

30

19.4

19.4

48.4

4

36

23.2

23.2

71.6

5

19

12.3

12.3

83.9

6

21

13.5

13.5

97.4

7

4

2.6

2.6

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

AC1: I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career at this company

Valid

1

26

16.8

16.8

16.8

2

17

11.0

11.0

27.7

3

23

14.8

14.8

42.6

4

26

16.8

16.8

59.4

5

28

18.1

18.1

77.4

6

28

18.1

18.1

95.5

7

7

4.5

4.5

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

AC2: I feel part of the “family” with this company

Valid

1

21

13.5

13.5

13.5

2

22

14.2

14.2

27.7

3

33

21.3

21.3

49.0

4

24

15.5

15.5

64.5

5

22

14.2

14.2

78.7

6

28

18.1

18.1

96.8

7

5

3.2

3.2

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

AC3: I feel “emotionally attached” to this company

Valid

1

31

20.0

20.0

20.0

2

29

18.7

18.7

38.7

3

23

14.8

14.8

53.5

4

27

17.4

17.4

71.0

5

20

12.9

12.9

83.9

6

19

12.3

12.3

96.1

7

6

3.9

3.9

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

AC4: I feel a strong sense of belonging to this company

Valid

1

21

13.5

13.5

13.5

2

29

18.7

18.7

32.3

3

27

17.4

17.4

49.7

4

30

19.4

19.4

69.0

5

22

14.2

14.2

83.2

6

20

12.9

12.9

96.1

7

6

3.9

3.9

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

AC5: This organization has a great deal of personal meaning for me

Valid

1

29

18.7

18.7

18.7

2

31

20.0

20.0

38.7

3

33

21.3

21.3

60.0

4

26

16.8

16.8

76.8

5

13

8.4

8.4

85.2

6

17

11.0

11.0

96.1

7

6

3.9

3.9

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

AC6: I really feel as if this organization’s problems are my own

Valid

1

24

15.5

15.5

15.5

2

21

13.5

13.5

29.0

3

25

16.1

16.1

45.2

4

36

23.2

23.2

68.4

5

23

14.8

14.8

83.2

6

20

12.9

12.9

96.1

7

6

3.9

3.9

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

NC1: I feel obligation to remain with this company

Valid

1

35

22.6

22.6

22.6

2

14

9.0

9.0

31.6

3

22

14.2

14.2

45.8

4

39

25.2

25.2

71.0

5

29

18.7

18.7

89.7

6

12

7.7

7.7

97.4

7

4

2.6

2.6

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

NC2: I would feel guilty if I left this company now

Valid

1

37

23.9

23.9

23.9

2

21

13.5

13.5

37.4

3

19

12.3

12.3

49.7

4

29

18.7

18.7

68.4

5

27

17.4

17.4

85.8

6

15

9.7

9.7

95.5

7

7

4.5

4.5

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

NC3: The company deserves my loyalty

Valid

1

23

14.8

14.8

14.8

2

16

10.3

10.3

25.2

3

18

11.6

11.6

36.8

4

28

18.1

18.1

54.8

5

20

12.9

12.9

67.7

6

35

22.6

22.6

90.3

7

15

9.7

9.7

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

NC4: I would not leave this company right now because I have a sense of obligation to the people in it

Valid

1

26

16.8

16.8

16.8

2

19

12.3

12.3

29.0

3

15

9.7

9.7

38.7

4

29

18.7

18.7

57.4

5

29

18.7

18.7

76.1

6

28

18.1

18.1

94.2

7

9

5.8

5.8

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

NC5: Even if it were to my advantage, I do not feel it would be right to leave my organization now

Valid

1

34

21.9

21.9

21.9

2

23

14.8

14.8

36.8

3

27

17.4

17.4

54.2

4

31

20.0

20.0

74.2

5

18

11.6

11.6

85.8

6

16

10.3

10.3

96.1

7

6

3.9

3.9

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

NC6: I owe a great deal to this organization

Valid

1

30

19.4

19.4

19.4

2

10

6.5

6.5

25.8

3

17

11.0

11.0

36.8

4

26

16.8

16.8

53.5

5

35

22.6

22.6

76.1

6

27

17.4

17.4

93.5

7

10

6.5

6.5

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

CC1: It would be hard for me to leave this company right now, even if I wanted to

Valid

1

13

8.4

8.4

8.4

2

18

11.6

11.6

20.0

3

16

10.3

10.3

30.3

4

29

18.7

18.7

49.0

5

29

18.7

18.7

67.7

6

19

12.3

12.3

80.0

7

31

20.0

20.0

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

CC2: Too much of my life would be disrupted if I decided I wanted to leave this company right now

Valid

1

24

15.5

15.5

15.5

2

18

11.6

11.6

27.1

3

21

13.5

13.5

40.6

4

27

17.4

17.4

58.1

5

29

18.7

18.7

76.8

6

14

9.0

9.0

85.8

7

22

14.2

14.2

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

CC3: Right now, staying with this company is a matter of necessity as much as desire

Valid

1

22

14.2

14.2

14.2

2

19

12.3

12.3

26.5

3

15

9.7

9.7

36.1

4

21

13.5

13.5

49.7

5

31

20.0

20.0

69.7

6

21

13.5

13.5

83.2

7

26

16.8

16.8

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

CC4: I feel that I have too few options to consider leaving this company

Valid

1

28

18.1

18.1

18.1

2

19

12.3

12.3

30.3

3

22

14.2

14.2

44.5

4

34

21.9

21.9

66.5

5

19

12.3

12.3

78.7

6

13

8.4

8.4

87.1

7

20

12.9

12.9

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

CC5: One of the few negative consequences of leaving this organization would be the scarcity of available resources

Valid

1

24

15.5

15.5

15.5

2

14

9.0

9.0

24.5

3

24

15.5

15.5

40.0

4

31

20.0

20.0

60.0

5

32

20.6

20.6

80.6

6

17

11.0

11.0

91.6

7

13

8.4

8.4

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

CC6: If I had not already put so much of myself into this organization, I might consider working elsewhere

Valid

1

28

18.1

18.1

18.1

2

18

11.6

11.6

29.7

3

19

12.3

12.3

41.9

4

29

18.7

18.7

60.6

5

21

13.5

13.5

74.2

6

17

11.0

11.0

85.2

7

23

14.8

14.8

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

JI1: The major satisfaction in my life comes from my job

Valid

1

34

21.9

21.9

21.9

2

36

23.2

23.2

45.2

3

33

21.3

21.3

66.5

4

18

11.6

11.6

78.1

5

21

13.5

13.5

91.6

6

1

.6

.6

92.3

7

11

7.1

7.1

99.4

Total

155

100.0

100.0

JI2: The most important things that happen to me involve my work

Valid

1

30

19.4

19.4

19.4

2

31

20.0

20.0

39.4

3

22

14.2

14.2

53.5

4

33

21.3

21.3

74.8

5

27

17.4

17.4

92.3

6

11

7.1

7.1

99.4

7

1

.6

.6

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

JI3: I’m really a perfectionist about my work

Valid

1

21

13.5

13.5

13.5

2

28

18.1

18.1

31.6

3

33

21.3

21.3

52.9

4

31

20.0

20.0

72.9

5

27

17.4

17.4

90.3

6

10

6.5

6.5

96.8

7

5

3.2

3.2

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

JI4: I live, eat, and breathe my job

Valid

1

25

16.1

16.1

16.1

2

22

14.2

14.2

30.3

3

40

25.8

25.8

56.1

4

30

19.4

19.4

75.5

5

17

11.0

11.0

86.5

6

16

10.3

10.3

96.8

7

5

3.2

3.2

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

JI5: I am very much involved personally with my work

Valid

1

21

13.5

13.5

13.5

2

29

18.7

18.7

32.3

3

38

24.5

24.5

56.8

4

29

18.7

18.7

75.5

5

28

18.1

18.1

93.5

6

8

5.2

5.2

98.7

7

2

1.3

1.3

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

JI6: Most things in life are not more important than work

Valid

1

31

20.0

20.0

20.0

2

30

19.4

19.4

39.4

3

31

20.0

20.0

59.4

4

31

20.0

20.0

79.4

5

21

13.5

13.5

92.9

6

5

3.2

3.2

96.1

7

6

3.9

3.9

100.0

Total

155

100.0

100.0

Recommendations

Several books, articles, television shows have profiled individuals with high paying careers who have left their jobs for lower paying jobs, sometimes retreating to small Caribbean islands all due to the burnout dilemma. Burnout is defined as having complete exhaustion, cynicism, ineffectiveness and disengagement from work (Demerouti, Mostert, & Bakker, 2010). Burnout does not happen overnight serving as a long-term and intensely physical, affective, and cognitive strain to certain job demands.

To manage the measured quantities and the causative variables, restoration of perceived trust would be very essential. Walden Sports Inc. is a small company with a handful employees, and therefore the management can easily incorporate a socialist system of living within the institution. By appreciating and motivating every hardworking employee, the workers would feel at home emotionally and therefore have the will to carry on with their already good work. The move will also help restore trust between the two parties.

Communication is also a very critical challenge during any organizational change (Nicol, 2014). Role duplication characterizes the company. This duplication confuses the workers. In line with this information asymmetry, my first recommendation would be to facilitate increased motivation and job attitudes. The facilitation of the two would help the company to develop an effective communication plan. Through an effective communication plan, it would be easy to implement the necessary changes. Communication would also contribute to avoid any possible attitudes among the workers as the management would be able to get in touch which the employees and thus efficiently resolve any challenges at the work place. The Walden sports Inc.’s management should, therefore, set the tone for any changes within the company.

My final recommendation for Walden Sports Inc., focused on job involvement is to review and revise job descriptions with more specific KSA’s (knowledge, skills, abilities), job responsibilities, and organizational expectations. Walden Sports has implemented several new products and as well as services that have created a new department and thus has caused some confusion mostly related to employee responsibilities (Laureate Education, 2012b).

My personal thoughts on the subject are that there are numerous areas needing improvements within Walden Sports Inc., but the review of qualitative and quantitative results gave way to specific areas that could be identified and corrected. I found this case study to be a realistic organizational issue and a great opportunity to build upon Industrial/Organizational knowledge and skills.

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