Addressee Influences
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Psycholinguis,cs December 6 & 11, 2017
Language in Conversa.onal Interac.on
Conversa,onal Interac,on ✦ Addressee Influences on Speech
✦ Conversa,onal Interac,ons
✦ Communica,on Accommoda,on Theory
✦ Gender and Accommoda,on
Addressee Influences Message
✦ Messages about the same physical en,,es differ in type of content and in communica,veness when generated for self, for a friend, or for a stranger.
✦ Self: Messages for oneself are shorter, more lexically diverse, and contain more figura,ve language. These messages lead to highest accuracy in choosing items.
✦ Friends: Messages for friends were also shorter and led to beNer accuracy than messages for strangers.
✦ Strangers: Messages for strangers were longer, less lexically diverse, and contained more literal language. These messages led to lowest accuracy.
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13
13
15
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Referen.al Tailoring
Directors and Matchers performed a card-matching game for 6 sessions. Non- interac,ve matchers performed worse despite receiving the exact same messages.
Directors and matchers both used fewer words/figure on repeated men,ons.
Over-hearers did not perform as well as matchers because they were not part of the interac,on.
Referen.al Collabora.on
✦ Recorded 8 pairs of talkers (7 male, 9 female) interac,ng in a referen,al communica,on task using 12 Tangram figures.
✦ Analyzed conversa,onal paNerns for Directors and Matchers over the course of 6 trials.
✦ Referen,al descrip,ons became more efficient, as reflected in reduc,ons in the average # words/figure and average # of speaking turns/figure over trials.
Minimizing Collabora.ve Effort
✦ Presenta/on: Preference for the most efficient/ elementary noun phrases, which comprise a single proposal in a single tone group. ✦ Ini,al trial establishes efficient referen,al terms by proposing an indefinite complex descrip,on.
✦ Acceptance: Preference for presupposed (through con,nua,on) or asserted (through back-channels). ✦ Rejec,on leads to requests for clarifica,on.
✦ Mutual Recogni/on of Acceptance: Necessary for increasing efficiency.
Community Convergence
✦ Recorded 3 sets of talkers par,cipa,ng in a computer maze game mul,ple ,mes (9 or 5). One set of talkers formed a closed community.
✦ Analyzed references to maze with respect to 4 basic descrip,on categories: Line, Matrix, Path, or Figural.
✦ Referen,al descrip,ons became coordinated over the course of the interac,on, and the coordina,on paNern differed for community pairs.
Community members used the most common referen,al type from prior interac,on, leading to more consistent coordina,on than individual pairs or noncommunity pairs.
Accommoda,on
Factory workers converged toward
foremen
Doctors (some,mes) converge toward
pa,ents
Giles, Coupland, & Coupland (1991). Contexts of Accommoda,on: Developments in Applied Sociolinguis,cs. Cambridge U Press.
Bristol men converged to Bri,sh interviewer and to Bristol interviewer.
Giles (1973). Accent mobility: A model and some data. Anthropological Linguis.cs, 15, 87-109.
Welshmen diverged from an insul,ng Bri,sh experimenter.
Bourhis & Giles (1977). The language of intergroup dis,nc,veness. In Giles (Ed) Language, Ethnicity & Intergroup Rela.ons (pp 119-135). London: Academic.
The future of Welsh appears preEy dismal
Gender & Accommoda,on ✦ Measured 7 different speech aNributes in conversa,onal interac,ons between men and women (n=60).
✦ Convergence as change in typical paNern from same-sex to mixed-sex pairings.
✦ Men and women converged on some measures, women diverged on other measures, and men showed no change on some measures.
total # words freq interrup,ons
avg uNerance length short & long pauses
freq back-channels freq laughter
avg uNerance length short & long pauses freq back-channels
freq laughter
men did not diverge
Converge Diverge
“Any generaliza.ons about the ways that men and women accommodate to each other when they interact must take into account the relevant proper.es of the situa.on in which the interac.on takes place and the goals of the par.cipants in those situa.ons.”
Bilous & Krauss (1988) p. 183.
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